Professors Ronald Comer and Elizabeth Gould are at Princeton University, USA and Professor Adrian Furnham is at University College London, UK.

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• About the Authors xviiList of Contributors xixTo the Instructor xxiTo the Student xxvChapter 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today 1What Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy 4The Founding of Psychology 6Psychology in the 21st Century: Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolution 12The Diversity of Psychology and Psychological Literacy 14Summary 19Key Terms 21Chapter 2 Psychology as a Science 23What Is a Science? 24Is Psychology a Science? 27How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 30How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? 36What Ethical Research Guidelines Do PsychologistsFollow? 42Summary 45Key Terms 46Chapter 3 Biological and Cognitive Development 47Understanding How We Develop 49How Is Developmental Psychology Investigated? 52Before We Are Born 54Infancy 55Early and Middle Childhood 60Adolescence 64Adulthood 67Summary 69TYING IT TOGETHER 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 Social and Emotional Development 73Before We Are Born 74Infancy 76Childhood 82Adolescence 86Adulthood and Old Age 88Atypical Development 93Summary 96TYING IT TOGETHER 98Key Terms 98Chapter 5 Behavioural Neuroscience 99How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System and the Brain? 100How Does the Nervous System Work? 103The Brain’s Structural and Functional Organization 110Neurons and the Communication Systems of the Brain, Nervous System and Body 121Building the Brain 125Brain Side and Brain Size 128Neurological Diseases 129Summary 132TYING IT TOGETHER 133Key Terms 135Chapter 6 Genes, Environment and Evolution 137The History of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology 138The Principles Behind Evolutionary Psychology 141Main Areas of Research in Evolutionary Psychology 144Criticisms and Misunderstandings of Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behaviour 155The Future of Evolutionary Psychology 156Summary 160TYING IT TOGETHER 162Key Terms 163Chapter 7 Perception and the Senses 165Introducing Perception: Common Features of the Senses 166The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 170The Tactile Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration 176The Auditory Sense: Hearing 181The Visual Sense: Sight 186Summary 197TYING IT TOGETHER 199Key Terms 200Chapter 8 Consciousness 201Part 1: The Philosophy Of Consciousness 203Defining Consciousness 203Is Consciousness ‘Mysterious’? 203What’s in the World? Part 1: Material Stuff or Mental Stuff 204What’s in the World? Part 2: Material Stuff and Mental Stuff 208Summary of Part 1 211Part 2: Studying Conscious States 212When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness 212Preconscious and Unconscious States 215Hypnosis 217When We Are Asleep 219Why Do We Sleep? 220Rhythms of Sleep 220When We Sleep 221Sleep at Different Ages 225Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders 226Psychoactive Drugs 228Depressants 229Stimulants 230Hallucinogens 231Psychoactive Drugs 232Summary 233TYING IT TOGETHER 235Key Terms 236Chapter 9 Learning 237What Is Learning? 238Classical Conditioning 242Operant Conditioning 248Observational Learning 256Factors that Facilitate Learning 258When We Learn 260Prenatal and Postnatal Learning 262Learning and Gender 265Learning Difficulties 266Summary 268TYING IT TOGETHER 270Key Terms 271Chapter 10 Memory 273What Is Memory? 274How Do We Encode Information into Memory? 276How Do We Store Memories? 282How Do We Retrieve Memories? 286Why Do We Forget and Misremember? 290Memory and the Brain 296Memories in the Young and Old 298Disorders of Memory 300Summary 303TYING IT TOGETHER 305Key Terms 306Chapter 11 Language and Thought 307Language 308Language and Thought 318Thought 321Summary 332TYING IT TOGETHER 334Key Terms 335Chapter 12 Intelligence 337What Do We Mean by Intelligence? 338Additional Types of Intelligence 345How Do We Measure Intelligence? 348Is Intelligence Governed by Genetic or Environmental Factors? 355The Brain and Intelligence 364Extremes in Intelligence 368Summary 371TYING IT TOGETHER 373Key Terms 374Chapter 13 Motivation 375Theories of Motivation 376Biological Motivations: Hunger 384Biological Motivations: Sex 390Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement 398Summary 403TYING IT TOGETHER 404Key Terms 405Chapter 14 Emotion 407What Is Emotion? 408Where Do Emotions Come From? 415The Range of Emotional Experiences 423Summary 430TYING IT TOGETHER 431Key Terms 432Chapter 15 Personality 433The Psychodynamic Perspective 434The Humanistic Perspective 440The Trait Perspective 442The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives 448Biological Foundations of Personality 450Personality and Group Differences 455Personality Disorders 460Personality Assessment 462Summary 466TYING IT TOGETHER 467Key Terms 468Chapter 16 Social Cognition, Social Relations and Social Functioning 469Social Cognition: Attitudes 471Social Cognition: Attributions 478Social Relations 481Social Functioning 487Summary 488TYING IT TOGETHER 490Key Terms 490Chapter 17 Social Forces, Group Processes and Language 491Social Forces 492Intragroup Processes 497Intergroup Relations 503Language and Social Groups 506Summary 509TYING IT TOGETHER 511Key Terms 511Chapter 18 Stress, Coping and Health 513What Is Stress? 514Responding to and Coping with Stress 521Stress and Health 530Summary 537TYING IT TOGETHER 538Key Terms 539Chapter 19 Psychological Disorders 541Defining, Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders 542Models of Psychological Disorder 548Mood Disorders 553Anxiety Disorders 557Schizophrenia 564Other Psychological Disorders 568Summary 573TYING IT TOGETHER 576Key Terms 577Chapter 20 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 579Treatment in the Modern Context 580Biological Treatments 583Behavioural Therapies 587Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies 590Non-Empirical Therapies 593Humanistic and Existential Therapies 593Psychodynamic Approaches 594Formats of Therapy 596Does Therapy Work? 598Some Final Thoughts about the Field of Psychology 600Summary 600TYING IT TOGETHER 603Key Terms 604Glossary 605References 617Name Index 677Subject Index 689

Professors Ronald Comer and Elizabeth Gould are at Princeton University, USA and Professor Adrian Furnham is at University College London, UK.

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• About the Authors xviiList of Contributors xixTo the Instructor xxiTo the Student xxvChapter 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today 1What Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy 4The Founding of Psychology 6Psychology in the 21st Century: Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolution 12The Diversity of Psychology and Psychological Literacy 14Summary 19Key Terms 21Chapter 2 Psychology as a Science 23What Is a Science? 24Is Psychology a Science? 27How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 30How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? 36What Ethical Research Guidelines Do PsychologistsFollow? 42Summary 45Key Terms 46Chapter 3 Biological and Cognitive Development 47Understanding How We Develop 49How Is Developmental Psychology Investigated? 52Before We Are Born 54Infancy 55Early and Middle Childhood 60Adolescence 64Adulthood 67Summary 69TYING IT TOGETHER 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 Social and Emotional Development 73Before We Are Born 74Infancy 76Childhood 82Adolescence 86Adulthood and Old Age 88Atypical Development 93Summary 96TYING IT TOGETHER 98Key Terms 98Chapter 5 Behavioural Neuroscience 99How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System and the Brain? 100How Does the Nervous System Work? 103The Brain’s Structural and Functional Organization 110Neurons and the Communication Systems of the Brain, Nervous System and Body 121Building the Brain 125Brain Side and Brain Size 128Neurological Diseases 129Summary 132TYING IT TOGETHER 133Key Terms 135Chapter 6 Genes, Environment and Evolution 137The History of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology 138The Principles Behind Evolutionary Psychology 141Main Areas of Research in Evolutionary Psychology 144Criticisms and Misunderstandings of Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behaviour 155The Future of Evolutionary Psychology 156Summary 160TYING IT TOGETHER 162Key Terms 163Chapter 7 Perception and the Senses 165Introducing Perception: Common Features of the Senses 166The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 170The Tactile Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration 176The Auditory Sense: Hearing 181The Visual Sense: Sight 186Summary 197TYING IT TOGETHER 199Key Terms 200Chapter 8 Consciousness 201Part 1: The Philosophy Of Consciousness 203Defining Consciousness 203Is Consciousness ‘Mysterious’? 203What’s in the World? Part 1: Material Stuff or Mental Stuff 204What’s in the World? Part 2: Material Stuff and Mental Stuff 208Summary of Part 1 211Part 2: Studying Conscious States 212When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness 212Preconscious and Unconscious States 215Hypnosis 217When We Are Asleep 219Why Do We Sleep? 220Rhythms of Sleep 220When We Sleep 221Sleep at Different Ages 225Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders 226Psychoactive Drugs 228Depressants 229Stimulants 230Hallucinogens 231Psychoactive Drugs 232Summary 233TYING IT TOGETHER 235Key Terms 236Chapter 9 Learning 237What Is Learning? 238Classical Conditioning 242Operant Conditioning 248Observational Learning 256Factors that Facilitate Learning 258When We Learn 260Prenatal and Postnatal Learning 262Learning and Gender 265Learning Difficulties 266Summary 268TYING IT TOGETHER 270Key Terms 271Chapter 10 Memory 273What Is Memory? 274How Do We Encode Information into Memory? 276How Do We Store Memories? 282How Do We Retrieve Memories? 286Why Do We Forget and Misremember? 290Memory and the Brain 296Memories in the Young and Old 298Disorders of Memory 300Summary 303TYING IT TOGETHER 305Key Terms 306Chapter 11 Language and Thought 307Language 308Language and Thought 318Thought 321Summary 332TYING IT TOGETHER 334Key Terms 335Chapter 12 Intelligence 337What Do We Mean by Intelligence? 338Additional Types of Intelligence 345How Do We Measure Intelligence? 348Is Intelligence Governed by Genetic or Environmental Factors? 355The Brain and Intelligence 364Extremes in Intelligence 368Summary 371TYING IT TOGETHER 373Key Terms 374Chapter 13 Motivation 375Theories of Motivation 376Biological Motivations: Hunger 384Biological Motivations: Sex 390Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement 398Summary 403TYING IT TOGETHER 404Key Terms 405Chapter 14 Emotion 407What Is Emotion? 408Where Do Emotions Come From? 415The Range of Emotional Experiences 423Summary 430TYING IT TOGETHER 431Key Terms 432Chapter 15 Personality 433The Psychodynamic Perspective 434The Humanistic Perspective 440The Trait Perspective 442The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives 448Biological Foundations of Personality 450Personality and Group Differences 455Personality Disorders 460Personality Assessment 462Summary 466TYING IT TOGETHER 467Key Terms 468Chapter 16 Social Cognition, Social Relations and Social Functioning 469Social Cognition: Attitudes 471Social Cognition: Attributions 478Social Relations 481Social Functioning 487Summary 488TYING IT TOGETHER 490Key Terms 490Chapter 17 Social Forces, Group Processes and Language 491Social Forces 492Intragroup Processes 497Intergroup Relations 503Language and Social Groups 506Summary 509TYING IT TOGETHER 511Key Terms 511Chapter 18 Stress, Coping and Health 513What Is Stress? 514Responding to and Coping with Stress 521Stress and Health 530Summary 537TYING IT TOGETHER 538Key Terms 539Chapter 19 Psychological Disorders 541Defining, Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders 542Models of Psychological Disorder 548Mood Disorders 553Anxiety Disorders 557Schizophrenia 564Other Psychological Disorders 568Summary 573TYING IT TOGETHER 576Key Terms 577Chapter 20 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 579Treatment in the Modern Context 580Biological Treatments 583Behavioural Therapies 587Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies 590Non-Empirical Therapies 593Humanistic and Existential Therapies 593Psychodynamic Approaches 594Formats of Therapy 596Does Therapy Work? 598Some Final Thoughts about the Field of Psychology 600Summary 600TYING IT TOGETHER 603Key Terms 604Glossary 605References 617Name Index 677Subject Index 689

Professors Ronald Comer and Elizabeth Gould are at Princeton University, USA and Professor Adrian Furnham is at University College London, UK.

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• About the Authors xviiList of Contributors xixTo the Instructor xxiTo the Student xxvChapter 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today 1What Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy 4The Founding of Psychology 6Psychology in the 21st Century: Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolution 12The Diversity of Psychology and Psychological Literacy 14Summary 19Key Terms 21Chapter 2 Psychology as a Science 23What Is a Science? 24Is Psychology a Science? 27How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 30How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? 36What Ethical Research Guidelines Do PsychologistsFollow? 42Summary 45Key Terms 46Chapter 3 Biological and Cognitive Development 47Understanding How We Develop 49How Is Developmental Psychology Investigated? 52Before We Are Born 54Infancy 55Early and Middle Childhood 60Adolescence 64Adulthood 67Summary 69TYING IT TOGETHER 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 Social and Emotional Development 73Before We Are Born 74Infancy 76Childhood 82Adolescence 86Adulthood and Old Age 88Atypical Development 93Summary 96TYING IT TOGETHER 98Key Terms 98Chapter 5 Behavioural Neuroscience 99How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System and the Brain? 100How Does the Nervous System Work? 103The Brain’s Structural and Functional Organization 110Neurons and the Communication Systems of the Brain, Nervous System and Body 121Building the Brain 125Brain Side and Brain Size 128Neurological Diseases 129Summary 132TYING IT TOGETHER 133Key Terms 135Chapter 6 Genes, Environment and Evolution 137The History of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology 138The Principles Behind Evolutionary Psychology 141Main Areas of Research in Evolutionary Psychology 144Criticisms and Misunderstandings of Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behaviour 155The Future of Evolutionary Psychology 156Summary 160TYING IT TOGETHER 162Key Terms 163Chapter 7 Perception and the Senses 165Introducing Perception: Common Features of the Senses 166The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 170The Tactile Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration 176The Auditory Sense: Hearing 181The Visual Sense: Sight 186Summary 197TYING IT TOGETHER 199Key Terms 200Chapter 8 Consciousness 201Part 1: The Philosophy Of Consciousness 203Defining Consciousness 203Is Consciousness ‘Mysterious’? 203What’s in the World? Part 1: Material Stuff or Mental Stuff 204What’s in the World? Part 2: Material Stuff and Mental Stuff 208Summary of Part 1 211Part 2: Studying Conscious States 212When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness 212Preconscious and Unconscious States 215Hypnosis 217When We Are Asleep 219Why Do We Sleep? 220Rhythms of Sleep 220When We Sleep 221Sleep at Different Ages 225Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders 226Psychoactive Drugs 228Depressants 229Stimulants 230Hallucinogens 231Psychoactive Drugs 232Summary 233TYING IT TOGETHER 235Key Terms 236Chapter 9 Learning 237What Is Learning? 238Classical Conditioning 242Operant Conditioning 248Observational Learning 256Factors that Facilitate Learning 258When We Learn 260Prenatal and Postnatal Learning 262Learning and Gender 265Learning Difficulties 266Summary 268TYING IT TOGETHER 270Key Terms 271Chapter 10 Memory 273What Is Memory? 274How Do We Encode Information into Memory? 276How Do We Store Memories? 282How Do We Retrieve Memories? 286Why Do We Forget and Misremember? 290Memory and the Brain 296Memories in the Young and Old 298Disorders of Memory 300Summary 303TYING IT TOGETHER 305Key Terms 306Chapter 11 Language and Thought 307Language 308Language and Thought 318Thought 321Summary 332TYING IT TOGETHER 334Key Terms 335Chapter 12 Intelligence 337What Do We Mean by Intelligence? 338Additional Types of Intelligence 345How Do We Measure Intelligence? 348Is Intelligence Governed by Genetic or Environmental Factors? 355The Brain and Intelligence 364Extremes in Intelligence 368Summary 371TYING IT TOGETHER 373Key Terms 374Chapter 13 Motivation 375Theories of Motivation 376Biological Motivations: Hunger 384Biological Motivations: Sex 390Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement 398Summary 403TYING IT TOGETHER 404Key Terms 405Chapter 14 Emotion 407What Is Emotion? 408Where Do Emotions Come From? 415The Range of Emotional Experiences 423Summary 430TYING IT TOGETHER 431Key Terms 432Chapter 15 Personality 433The Psychodynamic Perspective 434The Humanistic Perspective 440The Trait Perspective 442The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives 448Biological Foundations of Personality 450Personality and Group Differences 455Personality Disorders 460Personality Assessment 462Summary 466TYING IT TOGETHER 467Key Terms 468Chapter 16 Social Cognition, Social Relations and Social Functioning 469Social Cognition: Attitudes 471Social Cognition: Attributions 478Social Relations 481Social Functioning 487Summary 488TYING IT TOGETHER 490Key Terms 490Chapter 17 Social Forces, Group Processes and Language 491Social Forces 492Intragroup Processes 497Intergroup Relations 503Language and Social Groups 506Summary 509TYING IT TOGETHER 511Key Terms 511Chapter 18 Stress, Coping and Health 513What Is Stress? 514Responding to and Coping with Stress 521Stress and Health 530Summary 537TYING IT TOGETHER 538Key Terms 539Chapter 19 Psychological Disorders 541Defining, Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders 542Models of Psychological Disorder 548Mood Disorders 553Anxiety Disorders 557Schizophrenia 564Other Psychological Disorders 568Summary 573TYING IT TOGETHER 576Key Terms 577Chapter 20 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 579Treatment in the Modern Context 580Biological Treatments 583Behavioural Therapies 587Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies 590Non-Empirical Therapies 593Humanistic and Existential Therapies 593Psychodynamic Approaches 594Formats of Therapy 596Does Therapy Work? 598Some Final Thoughts about the Field of Psychology 600Summary 600TYING IT TOGETHER 603Key Terms 604Glossary 605References 617Name Index 677Subject Index 689