Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys

Hasse Fredriksson, KTH, Sweden. Ulla ?kerlind, University of Stockholm, Sweden.

• Preface ix1 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships 21.3 Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems 101.4 Thermodynamics of Multiple-Component Systems 161.5 Thermodynamics of Alloys 211.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Binary Solutions 251.7 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions 261.8 Experimental Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities of Binary Alloys 34Summary 36Further Reading 412 Thermodynamic Analysis of Solidification Processes in Metals and Alloys 422.1 Introduction 422.2 Thermodynamics of Pure Metals 432.3 Thermodynamics of Binary Alloys 442.4 Equilibrium Between Phases in Binary Solutions. Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys 502.5 Driving Force of Solidification in Binary Alloys 762.6 Thermodynamics of Ternary Alloys 782.7 Thermodynamics of Vacancies in Pure Metals and Alloys 83Summary 90Exercises 94References 98Further Reading 983 Properties of Interfaces 993.1 Introduction 993.2 Classical Theory of Interface Energy and Surface Tension 1003.3 Thermodynamics of Interphases 1143.4 Structures of Interfaces 1233.5 Equilibrium Shapes of Crystals 145Summary 155Exercises 161References 1654 Nucleation 1664.1 Introduction 1664.2 Homogeneous Nucleation 1674.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation. Inoculation 1794.4 Nucleation of Bubbles 1904.5 Crystal Multiplication 193Summary 194Exercises 197References 2005 Crystal Growth in Vapours 2015.1 Introduction 2025.2 Crystal Morphologies 2025.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition 2035.4 Crystal Growth 2065.5 Normal Crystal Growth of Rough Surfaces in Vapours 2105.6 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Vapours 2145.7 Influence of Impurities on Crystal Growth in Vapours 2385.8 Epitaxial Growth 2445.9 Whisker Growth 2495.10 Mechanical Restrictions on Thin Films 251Summary 256Exercises 263References 2666 Crystal Growth in Liquids and Melts 2676.1 Introduction 2686.2 Structures of Crystals and Melts 2686.3 Growth Methods 2756.4 Crystal Growth 2786.5 Volume Changes and Relaxation Processes during Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts 2796.6 Normal Crystal Growth in Pure Metal Melts 2896.7 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Liquids 2976.8 Normal Crystal Growth in Binary Alloys 3106.9 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Planar Crystals in Binary Alloys 3186.10 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals in Alloys 3246.11 Impingement 3386.12 Precipitation of Pores 340Summary 343Exercises 355References 3607 Heat Transport during Solidification Processes. Thermal Analysis 3617.1 Introduction 3627.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport 3627.3 Convection 3667.4 Theory of Heat Transport at Unidirectional Solidification 3787.5 Production of Single Crystals by Unidirectional Solidification 3857.6 Thermal Analysis 3957.7 Variable Heat of Fusion of Metals and Alloys 4087.8 Variable Heat Capacitivity of Metals and Alloys 416Summary 422Exercises 429References 4328 Crystal Growth Controlled by Heat and Mass Transport 4338.1 Introduction 4338.2 Heat and Mass Transports in Alloys during Unidirectional Solidification 4348.3 Zone Refining 4438.4 Single Crystal Production by Czochralski Technique 4508.5 Cellular Growth. Constitutional Undercooling. Interface Stability 454Summary 465Exercises 469References 4749 Faceted and Dendritic Solidification Structures 4759.1 Introduction 4769.2 Formation of Faceted Crystals 4769.3 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Pure Metal Melts 4769.4 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Alloy Melts 4859.5 Growth of Dendrite Crystals 5039.6 Development of Dendrites 5299.7 Transitions between Structure Types in Alloys 565Summary 573Exercises 580References 58510 Eutectic Solidification Structures 58710.1 Introduction 58810.2 Classification of Eutectic Structures 58810.3 Normal Eutectic Growth 58910.4 Degenerate and Coupled Eutectic Growth 62010.5 Structures of Ternary Alloys 63510.6 Solidification of Fe-C Eutectics 64610.7 Solidification of Al-Si Eutectics 65810.8 Transition between Normal Lamellar and Rod Eutectic Growth 665Summary 669Exercises 675References 68011 Peritectic Solidification Structures 68111.1 Introduction 68111.2 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations 68211.3 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Iron-Base Alloys 69311.4 Metastable Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys 70211.5 Metatectic Reactions and Transformations 70411.6 Microsegregation in Iron-Base Alloys 70811.7 Transitions between Peritectic and Eutectic Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys 716Summary 719Exercises 724References 72712 Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 72912.1 Introduction 73012.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions 73112.3 Production of Metallic Glasses 73512.4 Experimental Methods for Structure Determination of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 74112.5 Structures of Metallic Glasses 74412.6 Comparison of the Structures of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts. Rough Models of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 75312.7 Casting of Metallic Glasses. Crystallization Processes in Amorphous Alloy Melts 75912.8 Classification of Metallic Glasses 76312.9 Properties and Applications of Metallic Glasses 764Summary 771Exercises 775References 779Answers to Exercises 781Index 803