Julian Richards is the Co-Director of the Centre for Security and Intelligence Studies at the University of Buckingham, UK. Prior to academic life, he spent seventeen years working in security and intelligence for the UK government. He is the author of three books on intelligence analysis and security policy, and a regular commentator on UK and international media.

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• 1. Introduction: the Cyber Landscape 2. Cyber and the Changing Nature of Conflict 3. Has Cyber War Happened? 4. A new Cold War? Russia, China, the US and Cyber War 5. Responses to the Threat: National Cyber Security Planning 6. Conclusions: A Pathway Through the Forest