Kate Raphael is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Earth and Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. She received her PhD in Medieval Islamic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her research currently focuses on environmental disasters in the Medieval Middle East.

• Introduction 1. Ayyubid Fortresses in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries: Muslims' Apprenticeship 2. Mongolian Siege Warfare and the Defense of Mamluk Fortresses 3. Laying the Foundations: Fortification Work Conducted during the Reign of Baybars (1260-1277), Qalāwūn (1280-1290) and Al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290-1293) 4. Mamluk Power on Display: Fortifications in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century 5. Military Architecture versus Political and Military Organization

Kate Raphael is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Earth and Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. She received her PhD in Medieval Islamic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her research currently focuses on environmental disasters in the Medieval Middle East.

• Introduction 1. Ayyubid Fortresses in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries: Muslims' Apprenticeship 2. Mongolian Siege Warfare and the Defense of Mamluk Fortresses 3. Laying the Foundations: Fortification Work Conducted during the Reign of Baybars (1260-1277), Qalāwūn (1280-1290) and Al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290-1293) 4. Mamluk Power on Display: Fortifications in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century 5. Military Architecture versus Political and Military Organization

Kate Raphael is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Earth and Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. She received her PhD in Medieval Islamic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her research currently focuses on environmental disasters in the Medieval Middle East.

• Introduction 1. Ayyubid Fortresses in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries: Muslims' Apprenticeship 2. Mongolian Siege Warfare and the Defense of Mamluk Fortresses 3. Laying the Foundations: Fortification Work Conducted during the Reign of Baybars (1260-1277), Qalāwūn (1280-1290) and Al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290-1293) 4. Mamluk Power on Display: Fortifications in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century 5. Military Architecture versus Political and Military Organization