Armand de Mestral is a specialist in international trade and investment law and comparative federalism. Teaching at McGill Faculty of Law since 1976, Professor de Mestral is also an arbitrator and panelist for the WTO, CUFTA, NAFTA, international commercial arbitration. He is co-author of International Law and The Canadian Law and Practice of International Trade. Céline Lévesque is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section, of the University of Ottawa. Her research focuses on international investment law. In 2008-2009, she was a Scholar-in-Residence at the Trade Law Bureau of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.

• Introduction Céline Lévesque and Armand de Mestral Part 1: IIA Treaty-making: evolution and evaluation 1. Developments in IIA treaty-making, Andrew Newcombe 2. The evolution of IIA practice in Canada and the United States, Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe 3. The evolving role of the European Union in IIA treaty-making, Armand de Mestral 4. The evolution of Chinese approaches to IIAs, Chunbao Liu 5. A quantitative perspective on trends in IIA rules, Mark S. Manger 6. The costs and benefits of IIAs to developing countries: an economic perspective Amrita Ray Chaudhuri and Hassan Benchekroun Part 2: Efficiency 7. Investment provisions in regional trade agreements: a more efficient solution? Armand de Mestral and Alireza Falsafi 8. Increasing use of alternative dispute resolution in IIAs, Céline Lévesque 9. Is it necessary to avoid substantive and procedural overlaps with other agreements in IIAs? Andreas R. Ziegler Part 3: Legitimacy 10. Corporate investors’ international legal personality and their accountability for human rights violations under IIAs Patrick Dumberry 11. Investor misconduct Andrew Newcombe 12. Balancing IIA arbitration through the use of counterclaims Helene Bubrowski 13. Issues of corporate nationality in investment arbitration, Jean-François Hébert 14. Enhancing the legitimacy of international investment law by establishing an appellate mechanism Debra P. Steger Part 4: Sustainability 15. The use of general exceptions in IIAs: increasing legitimacy or uncertainty? Andrew Newcombe 16. Sustainable development and IIAs: from objective to practice, Markus W. Gehring and Avidan Kent 17. Direct taxation, tax treaties and IIAs: mixed objectives, mixed results, Martha O’Brien and Kim Brooks 18. The impact of international law on IIA interpretation August Reinisch 19. The contribution of international investment law to public international law Armand de Mestral

Armand de Mestral is a specialist in international trade and investment law and comparative federalism. Teaching at McGill Faculty of Law since 1976, Professor de Mestral is also an arbitrator and panelist for the WTO, CUFTA, NAFTA, international commercial arbitration. He is co-author of International Law and The Canadian Law and Practice of International Trade. Céline Lévesque is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section, of the University of Ottawa. Her research focuses on international investment law. In 2008-2009, she was a Scholar-in-Residence at the Trade Law Bureau of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.

• Introduction Céline Lévesque and Armand de Mestral Part 1: IIA Treaty-making: evolution and evaluation 1. Developments in IIA treaty-making, Andrew Newcombe 2. The evolution of IIA practice in Canada and the United States, Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe 3. The evolving role of the European Union in IIA treaty-making, Armand de Mestral 4. The evolution of Chinese approaches to IIAs, Chunbao Liu 5. A quantitative perspective on trends in IIA rules, Mark S. Manger 6. The costs and benefits of IIAs to developing countries: an economic perspective Amrita Ray Chaudhuri and Hassan Benchekroun Part 2: Efficiency 7. Investment provisions in regional trade agreements: a more efficient solution? Armand de Mestral and Alireza Falsafi 8. Increasing use of alternative dispute resolution in IIAs, Céline Lévesque 9. Is it necessary to avoid substantive and procedural overlaps with other agreements in IIAs? Andreas R. Ziegler Part 3: Legitimacy 10. Corporate investors’ international legal personality and their accountability for human rights violations under IIAs Patrick Dumberry 11. Investor misconduct Andrew Newcombe 12. Balancing IIA arbitration through the use of counterclaims Helene Bubrowski 13. Issues of corporate nationality in investment arbitration, Jean-François Hébert 14. Enhancing the legitimacy of international investment law by establishing an appellate mechanism Debra P. Steger Part 4: Sustainability 15. The use of general exceptions in IIAs: increasing legitimacy or uncertainty? Andrew Newcombe 16. Sustainable development and IIAs: from objective to practice, Markus W. Gehring and Avidan Kent 17. Direct taxation, tax treaties and IIAs: mixed objectives, mixed results, Martha O’Brien and Kim Brooks 18. The impact of international law on IIA interpretation August Reinisch 19. The contribution of international investment law to public international law Armand de Mestral

Armand de Mestral is a specialist in international trade and investment law and comparative federalism. Teaching at McGill Faculty of Law since 1976, Professor de Mestral is also an arbitrator and panelist for the WTO, CUFTA, NAFTA, international commercial arbitration. He is co-author of International Law and The Canadian Law and Practice of International Trade. Céline Lévesque is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section, of the University of Ottawa. Her research focuses on international investment law. In 2008-2009, she was a Scholar-in-Residence at the Trade Law Bureau of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.

• Introduction Céline Lévesque and Armand de Mestral Part 1: IIA Treaty-making: evolution and evaluation 1. Developments in IIA treaty-making, Andrew Newcombe 2. The evolution of IIA practice in Canada and the United States, Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe 3. The evolving role of the European Union in IIA treaty-making, Armand de Mestral 4. The evolution of Chinese approaches to IIAs, Chunbao Liu 5. A quantitative perspective on trends in IIA rules, Mark S. Manger 6. The costs and benefits of IIAs to developing countries: an economic perspective Amrita Ray Chaudhuri and Hassan Benchekroun Part 2: Efficiency 7. Investment provisions in regional trade agreements: a more efficient solution? Armand de Mestral and Alireza Falsafi 8. Increasing use of alternative dispute resolution in IIAs, Céline Lévesque 9. Is it necessary to avoid substantive and procedural overlaps with other agreements in IIAs? Andreas R. Ziegler Part 3: Legitimacy 10. Corporate investors’ international legal personality and their accountability for human rights violations under IIAs Patrick Dumberry 11. Investor misconduct Andrew Newcombe 12. Balancing IIA arbitration through the use of counterclaims Helene Bubrowski 13. Issues of corporate nationality in investment arbitration, Jean-François Hébert 14. Enhancing the legitimacy of international investment law by establishing an appellate mechanism Debra P. Steger Part 4: Sustainability 15. The use of general exceptions in IIAs: increasing legitimacy or uncertainty? Andrew Newcombe 16. Sustainable development and IIAs: from objective to practice, Markus W. Gehring and Avidan Kent 17. Direct taxation, tax treaties and IIAs: mixed objectives, mixed results, Martha O’Brien and Kim Brooks 18. The impact of international law on IIA interpretation August Reinisch 19. The contribution of international investment law to public international law Armand de Mestral