About our authors Lisa A. Urry (Units 1 and 2) is Professor of Biology and Co-Chair of the Biology Department at Mills College at Northeastern University in Oakland, California. After earning a B.A. at Tufts University, she completed her Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Lisa has conducted research on gene expression during embryonic and larval development in sea urchins. Deeply committed to promoting opportunities in science for women and underrepresented groups, she has taught courses ranging from introductory and developmental biology to an immersive course on the U.S./Mexico border.Michael L. Cain (Units 3, 4, and 7) is an ecologist and evolutionary biologist who is now writing full- time. Michael earned an A.B. from Bowdoin College, an M.Sc. from Brown University, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University. As a faculty member at New Mexico State University, he taught introductory biology, ecology, evolution, botany, and conservation biology. Michael is the author of dozens of scientific papers on topics that include foraging behavior in insects and plants, long-distance seed dispersal, and speciation in crickets. He is also a coauthor of an ecology textbook.Peter V. Minorsky (Chapter 1 and Unit 5) is Professor of Biology at Mercy University in New York, where he teaches introductory biology, ecology, and botany. He received his A.B. from Vassar College and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Peter taught at Kenyon College, Union College, Western Connecticut State University, and Vassar College. His research interests concern how plants sense environmental change. Peter received the 2008 Award for Teaching Excellence at Mercy College.   Kerry L. Hull (Unit 6) is the Dean of Science, a Professor in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, and the Associate Vice-Principal for Research at Bishop’s University in Quebec, Canada. She holds a B.Sc. in Biology and a Ph.D. in Physiology (Endocrinology), both from the University of Alberta (Canada). She teaches physiology and anatomy courses to undergraduates, using guided inquiry and case studies as her primary teaching approaches. A comparative endocrinologist by training, her current research focuses on the development and implementation of active learning strategies in anatomy and physiology courses.Rebecca B. Orr (Active Learning Modules, eText Media Integration) is Professor of Biology at Collin College in Plano, Texas, where she teaches introductory biology. She earned her B.S. from Texas A&M University and her Ph.D. from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Rebecca has a passion for investigating strategies that result in more effective learning and retention, and she is a certified Team-Based Learning Collaborative Trainer Consultant. She enjoys focusing on the creation of learning opportunities that both engage and challenge students.Josh R. Auld (Unit 3) is a Professor of Biology at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He received his B.S. in biology from Duquesne University and his Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Pittsburgh. Josh’s research focuses on the evolution of life-history traits and mating systems, using freshwater snails as a model system. He has taught courses in introductory biology, zoology, botany, and evolution. Chantale Bégin (Unit 7) is an ecologist with a strong interest in benthic ecology and marine conservation. Chantale earned a B.Sc. from Dalhousie University, an M.Sc. from Université Laval, and a Ph.D. from Simon Fraser University. As a Professor of Instruction at the University of South Florida (USF), she teaches many courses, including Biological Diversity, Marine Biology, Coral Reef Ecology, Conservation Biology, and Scientific Diving. She has received several teaching awards at USF for her work integrating active-learning into large-enrollment courses and her field courses in the Caribbean.Neil A. Campbell (1946–2004) earned his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside. His research focused on desert and coastal plants. Neil’s 30 years of teaching included introductory biology courses at Cornell University, Pomona College, and San Bernardino Valley College, where he received the college’s first Outstanding Professor Award. He was also a visiting scholar at the University of California, Riverside. Neil was the founding author of Campbell Biology, upon which this book is based.

• Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of BiologyUNIT 1: CHEMISTRY AND CELLS The Chemical Context of LifeCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of LifeA Tour of the CellMembrane Transport and Cell SignalingAn Introduction to MetabolismCellular Respiration and FermentationPhotosynthesisThe Cell CycleUNIT 2: GENETICS Meiosis and Sexual Life CyclesMendel and the Gene IdeaThe Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceThe Molecular Basis of InheritanceGene Expression: From Gene to ProteinRegulation of Gene ExpressionDevelopment, Stem Cells, and CancerVirusesGenomes and Their EvolutionUNIT 3: EVOLUTION Descent with ModificationPhylogenyThe Evolution of PopulationsThe Origin of SpeciesBroad Patterns of EvolutionUNIT 4: THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE Early Life and the Diversification of ProkaryotesThe Origin and Diversification of EukaryotesThe Colonization of LandThe Rise of Animal DiversityUNIT 5: PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION Vascular Plant Structure and GrowthResource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular PlantsReproduction and Domestication of Flowering PlantsPlant Responses to Internal and External SignalsUNIT 6: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and RegulationAnimal NutritionCirculation and Gas ExchangeThe Immune SystemReproduction and DevelopmentNeurons, Synapses, and SignalingNervous and Sensory SystemsMotor Mechanisms and BehaviorUNIT 7: ECOLOGY Population Ecology and the Distribution of OrganismsEcological CommunitiesEcosystems and EnergyConservation Biology and Global ChangeAPPENDICES A. AnswersB. Periodic Table of the ElementsC. The Metric SystemD. A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron MicroscopeE. Classification of LifeF. Scientific Skills ReviewG. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes for Learning Vocabulary

About our authors Lisa A. Urry (Units 1 and 2) is Professor of Biology and Co-Chair of the Biology Department at Mills College at Northeastern University in Oakland, California. After earning a B.A. at Tufts University, she completed her Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Lisa has conducted research on gene expression during embryonic and larval development in sea urchins. Deeply committed to promoting opportunities in science for women and underrepresented groups, she has taught courses ranging from introductory and developmental biology to an immersive course on the U.S./Mexico border.Michael L. Cain (Units 3, 4, and 7) is an ecologist and evolutionary biologist who is now writing full- time. Michael earned an A.B. from Bowdoin College, an M.Sc. from Brown University, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University. As a faculty member at New Mexico State University, he taught introductory biology, ecology, evolution, botany, and conservation biology. Michael is the author of dozens of scientific papers on topics that include foraging behavior in insects and plants, long-distance seed dispersal, and speciation in crickets. He is also a coauthor of an ecology textbook.Peter V. Minorsky (Chapter 1 and Unit 5) is Professor of Biology at Mercy University in New York, where he teaches introductory biology, ecology, and botany. He received his A.B. from Vassar College and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Peter taught at Kenyon College, Union College, Western Connecticut State University, and Vassar College. His research interests concern how plants sense environmental change. Peter received the 2008 Award for Teaching Excellence at Mercy College.   Kerry L. Hull (Unit 6) is the Dean of Science, a Professor in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, and the Associate Vice-Principal for Research at Bishop’s University in Quebec, Canada. She holds a B.Sc. in Biology and a Ph.D. in Physiology (Endocrinology), both from the University of Alberta (Canada). She teaches physiology and anatomy courses to undergraduates, using guided inquiry and case studies as her primary teaching approaches. A comparative endocrinologist by training, her current research focuses on the development and implementation of active learning strategies in anatomy and physiology courses.Rebecca B. Orr (Active Learning Modules, eText Media Integration) is Professor of Biology at Collin College in Plano, Texas, where she teaches introductory biology. She earned her B.S. from Texas A&M University and her Ph.D. from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Rebecca has a passion for investigating strategies that result in more effective learning and retention, and she is a certified Team-Based Learning Collaborative Trainer Consultant. She enjoys focusing on the creation of learning opportunities that both engage and challenge students.Josh R. Auld (Unit 3) is a Professor of Biology at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He received his B.S. in biology from Duquesne University and his Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Pittsburgh. Josh’s research focuses on the evolution of life-history traits and mating systems, using freshwater snails as a model system. He has taught courses in introductory biology, zoology, botany, and evolution. Chantale Bégin (Unit 7) is an ecologist with a strong interest in benthic ecology and marine conservation. Chantale earned a B.Sc. from Dalhousie University, an M.Sc. from Université Laval, and a Ph.D. from Simon Fraser University. As a Professor of Instruction at the University of South Florida (USF), she teaches many courses, including Biological Diversity, Marine Biology, Coral Reef Ecology, Conservation Biology, and Scientific Diving. She has received several teaching awards at USF for her work integrating active-learning into large-enrollment courses and her field courses in the Caribbean.Neil A. Campbell (1946–2004) earned his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside. His research focused on desert and coastal plants. Neil’s 30 years of teaching included introductory biology courses at Cornell University, Pomona College, and San Bernardino Valley College, where he received the college’s first Outstanding Professor Award. He was also a visiting scholar at the University of California, Riverside. Neil was the founding author of Campbell Biology, upon which this book is based.

• Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of BiologyUNIT 1: CHEMISTRY AND CELLS The Chemical Context of LifeCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of LifeA Tour of the CellMembrane Transport and Cell SignalingAn Introduction to MetabolismCellular Respiration and FermentationPhotosynthesisThe Cell CycleUNIT 2: GENETICS Meiosis and Sexual Life CyclesMendel and the Gene IdeaThe Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceThe Molecular Basis of InheritanceGene Expression: From Gene to ProteinRegulation of Gene ExpressionDevelopment, Stem Cells, and CancerVirusesGenomes and Their EvolutionUNIT 3: EVOLUTION Descent with ModificationPhylogenyThe Evolution of PopulationsThe Origin of SpeciesBroad Patterns of EvolutionUNIT 4: THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE Early Life and the Diversification of ProkaryotesThe Origin and Diversification of EukaryotesThe Colonization of LandThe Rise of Animal DiversityUNIT 5: PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION Vascular Plant Structure and GrowthResource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular PlantsReproduction and Domestication of Flowering PlantsPlant Responses to Internal and External SignalsUNIT 6: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and RegulationAnimal NutritionCirculation and Gas ExchangeThe Immune SystemReproduction and DevelopmentNeurons, Synapses, and SignalingNervous and Sensory SystemsMotor Mechanisms and BehaviorUNIT 7: ECOLOGY Population Ecology and the Distribution of OrganismsEcological CommunitiesEcosystems and EnergyConservation Biology and Global ChangeAPPENDICES A. AnswersB. Periodic Table of the ElementsC. The Metric SystemD. A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron MicroscopeE. Classification of LifeF. Scientific Skills ReviewG. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes for Learning Vocabulary

About our authors Lisa A. Urry (Units 1 and 2) is Professor of Biology and Co-Chair of the Biology Department at Mills College at Northeastern University in Oakland, California. After earning a B.A. at Tufts University, she completed her Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Lisa has conducted research on gene expression during embryonic and larval development in sea urchins. Deeply committed to promoting opportunities in science for women and underrepresented groups, she has taught courses ranging from introductory and developmental biology to an immersive course on the U.S./Mexico border.Michael L. Cain (Units 3, 4, and 7) is an ecologist and evolutionary biologist who is now writing full- time. Michael earned an A.B. from Bowdoin College, an M.Sc. from Brown University, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University. As a faculty member at New Mexico State University, he taught introductory biology, ecology, evolution, botany, and conservation biology. Michael is the author of dozens of scientific papers on topics that include foraging behavior in insects and plants, long-distance seed dispersal, and speciation in crickets. He is also a coauthor of an ecology textbook.Peter V. Minorsky (Chapter 1 and Unit 5) is Professor of Biology at Mercy University in New York, where he teaches introductory biology, ecology, and botany. He received his A.B. from Vassar College and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Peter taught at Kenyon College, Union College, Western Connecticut State University, and Vassar College. His research interests concern how plants sense environmental change. Peter received the 2008 Award for Teaching Excellence at Mercy College.   Kerry L. Hull (Unit 6) is the Dean of Science, a Professor in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, and the Associate Vice-Principal for Research at Bishop’s University in Quebec, Canada. She holds a B.Sc. in Biology and a Ph.D. in Physiology (Endocrinology), both from the University of Alberta (Canada). She teaches physiology and anatomy courses to undergraduates, using guided inquiry and case studies as her primary teaching approaches. A comparative endocrinologist by training, her current research focuses on the development and implementation of active learning strategies in anatomy and physiology courses.Rebecca B. Orr (Active Learning Modules, eText Media Integration) is Professor of Biology at Collin College in Plano, Texas, where she teaches introductory biology. She earned her B.S. from Texas A&M University and her Ph.D. from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Rebecca has a passion for investigating strategies that result in more effective learning and retention, and she is a certified Team-Based Learning Collaborative Trainer Consultant. She enjoys focusing on the creation of learning opportunities that both engage and challenge students.Josh R. Auld (Unit 3) is a Professor of Biology at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He received his B.S. in biology from Duquesne University and his Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Pittsburgh. Josh’s research focuses on the evolution of life-history traits and mating systems, using freshwater snails as a model system. He has taught courses in introductory biology, zoology, botany, and evolution. Chantale Bégin (Unit 7) is an ecologist with a strong interest in benthic ecology and marine conservation. Chantale earned a B.Sc. from Dalhousie University, an M.Sc. from Université Laval, and a Ph.D. from Simon Fraser University. As a Professor of Instruction at the University of South Florida (USF), she teaches many courses, including Biological Diversity, Marine Biology, Coral Reef Ecology, Conservation Biology, and Scientific Diving. She has received several teaching awards at USF for her work integrating active-learning into large-enrollment courses and her field courses in the Caribbean.Neil A. Campbell (1946–2004) earned his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside. His research focused on desert and coastal plants. Neil’s 30 years of teaching included introductory biology courses at Cornell University, Pomona College, and San Bernardino Valley College, where he received the college’s first Outstanding Professor Award. He was also a visiting scholar at the University of California, Riverside. Neil was the founding author of Campbell Biology, upon which this book is based.

• Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of BiologyUNIT 1: CHEMISTRY AND CELLS The Chemical Context of LifeCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of LifeA Tour of the CellMembrane Transport and Cell SignalingAn Introduction to MetabolismCellular Respiration and FermentationPhotosynthesisThe Cell CycleUNIT 2: GENETICS Meiosis and Sexual Life CyclesMendel and the Gene IdeaThe Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceThe Molecular Basis of InheritanceGene Expression: From Gene to ProteinRegulation of Gene ExpressionDevelopment, Stem Cells, and CancerVirusesGenomes and Their EvolutionUNIT 3: EVOLUTION Descent with ModificationPhylogenyThe Evolution of PopulationsThe Origin of SpeciesBroad Patterns of EvolutionUNIT 4: THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE Early Life and the Diversification of ProkaryotesThe Origin and Diversification of EukaryotesThe Colonization of LandThe Rise of Animal DiversityUNIT 5: PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION Vascular Plant Structure and GrowthResource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular PlantsReproduction and Domestication of Flowering PlantsPlant Responses to Internal and External SignalsUNIT 6: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and RegulationAnimal NutritionCirculation and Gas ExchangeThe Immune SystemReproduction and DevelopmentNeurons, Synapses, and SignalingNervous and Sensory SystemsMotor Mechanisms and BehaviorUNIT 7: ECOLOGY Population Ecology and the Distribution of OrganismsEcological CommunitiesEcosystems and EnergyConservation Biology and Global ChangeAPPENDICES A. AnswersB. Periodic Table of the ElementsC. The Metric SystemD. A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron MicroscopeE. Classification of LifeF. Scientific Skills ReviewG. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes for Learning Vocabulary