Michael Coppedge is Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. He is a principal investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project, the author of Democratization and Research Methods (2012), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Amanda B. Edgell is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama. She works on the politics of regime transformation, authoritarianism, political inclusion, and African politics. Her work has appeared in several peer-reviewed journals, including the British Journal of Political Science, European Journal of Political Research, Democratization, and African Studies Review. Carl Henrik Knutsen is Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo and leads the Comparative Institutions and Regimes (CIR) research group. He is also Research Professor at PRIO, and a principal investigator of Varieties of Democracy and several research projects, including an ERC Consolidator Grant on autocratic politics, and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Staffan I. Lindberg is Professor of Political Science and Director of the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is a principal Investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project as well as several other projects, a Wallenberg Academy Fellow, author of Democracy and Elections in Africa (2006), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020).

'[T]his volume, with its rich findings and theoretical framework, is certain to become a go-to reference for scholars of democratization and democratic survival.' Alex M. Kroeger, Perspectives on Politics

• 1. Introduction Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg; 2. The Ups and Downs of Democracy, 1789-2018 Carl Henrik Knutsen and Svend-Erik Skaaning; 3. Long-Run Factors John Gerring; 4. International Influence: The Hidden Dimension Michael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Paul Friesen, Lucía Tiscornia and Yang Xu; 5. Economic Determinants Carl Henrik Knutsen and Sirianne Dahlum; 6. Political Institutions and Democracy Allen Hicken, Samuel Baltz and Fabricio Vasselai; 7. Democracy and Social Forces Michael Bernhard and Amanda B. Edgell; 8. Causal Sequences in Long-Term Democratic Development and Decline Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg.

Michael Coppedge is Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. He is a principal investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project, the author of Democratization and Research Methods (2012), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Amanda B. Edgell is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama. She works on the politics of regime transformation, authoritarianism, political inclusion, and African politics. Her work has appeared in several peer-reviewed journals, including the British Journal of Political Science, European Journal of Political Research, Democratization, and African Studies Review. Carl Henrik Knutsen is Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo and leads the Comparative Institutions and Regimes (CIR) research group. He is also Research Professor at PRIO, and a principal investigator of Varieties of Democracy and several research projects, including an ERC Consolidator Grant on autocratic politics, and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Staffan I. Lindberg is Professor of Political Science and Director of the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is a principal Investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project as well as several other projects, a Wallenberg Academy Fellow, author of Democracy and Elections in Africa (2006), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020).

'[T]his volume, with its rich findings and theoretical framework, is certain to become a go-to reference for scholars of democratization and democratic survival.' Alex M. Kroeger, Perspectives on Politics

• 1. Introduction Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg; 2. The Ups and Downs of Democracy, 1789-2018 Carl Henrik Knutsen and Svend-Erik Skaaning; 3. Long-Run Factors John Gerring; 4. International Influence: The Hidden Dimension Michael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Paul Friesen, Lucía Tiscornia and Yang Xu; 5. Economic Determinants Carl Henrik Knutsen and Sirianne Dahlum; 6. Political Institutions and Democracy Allen Hicken, Samuel Baltz and Fabricio Vasselai; 7. Democracy and Social Forces Michael Bernhard and Amanda B. Edgell; 8. Causal Sequences in Long-Term Democratic Development and Decline Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg.

Michael Coppedge is Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. He is a principal investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project, the author of Democratization and Research Methods (2012), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Amanda B. Edgell is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama. She works on the politics of regime transformation, authoritarianism, political inclusion, and African politics. Her work has appeared in several peer-reviewed journals, including the British Journal of Political Science, European Journal of Political Research, Democratization, and African Studies Review. Carl Henrik Knutsen is Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo and leads the Comparative Institutions and Regimes (CIR) research group. He is also Research Professor at PRIO, and a principal investigator of Varieties of Democracy and several research projects, including an ERC Consolidator Grant on autocratic politics, and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020). Staffan I. Lindberg is Professor of Political Science and Director of the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is a principal Investigator of the Varieties of Democracy project as well as several other projects, a Wallenberg Academy Fellow, author of Democracy and Elections in Africa (2006), and co-author of Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020).

'[T]his volume, with its rich findings and theoretical framework, is certain to become a go-to reference for scholars of democratization and democratic survival.' Alex M. Kroeger, Perspectives on Politics

• 1. Introduction Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg; 2. The Ups and Downs of Democracy, 1789-2018 Carl Henrik Knutsen and Svend-Erik Skaaning; 3. Long-Run Factors John Gerring; 4. International Influence: The Hidden Dimension Michael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Paul Friesen, Lucía Tiscornia and Yang Xu; 5. Economic Determinants Carl Henrik Knutsen and Sirianne Dahlum; 6. Political Institutions and Democracy Allen Hicken, Samuel Baltz and Fabricio Vasselai; 7. Democracy and Social Forces Michael Bernhard and Amanda B. Edgell; 8. Causal Sequences in Long-Term Democratic Development and Decline Michael Coppedge, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg.