INGRID VAN BIEZEN is a Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the University of Birmingham, and has taught at the University of Leiden and the Johns Hopkins University. She has published on party organization, party membership and political finance. In 1997, she received the Rudolf Wildenmann Prize of the European Consortium for Political Research.

• Introduction PART I: FRAMEWORK The Path Towards Democracy: The Institutional Context of Party Formation Party Formation and Organizational Development: Opportunities and Constraints PART II: MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS AND PARTY STRUCTURES Portugal Spain Hungary The Czech Republic PART III: CROSS-NATIONAL PATTERNS On the Internal Balance of Power: The Extra-Parliamentary Party vs. the Party in the Public Office Financing Parties in New Democracies Patterns of Party Organization in New Democracies Endnotes References Index

INGRID VAN BIEZEN is a Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the University of Birmingham, and has taught at the University of Leiden and the Johns Hopkins University. She has published on party organization, party membership and political finance. In 1997, she received the Rudolf Wildenmann Prize of the European Consortium for Political Research.

• Introduction PART I: FRAMEWORK The Path Towards Democracy: The Institutional Context of Party Formation Party Formation and Organizational Development: Opportunities and Constraints PART II: MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS AND PARTY STRUCTURES Portugal Spain Hungary The Czech Republic PART III: CROSS-NATIONAL PATTERNS On the Internal Balance of Power: The Extra-Parliamentary Party vs. the Party in the Public Office Financing Parties in New Democracies Patterns of Party Organization in New Democracies Endnotes References Index

INGRID VAN BIEZEN is a Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the University of Birmingham, and has taught at the University of Leiden and the Johns Hopkins University. She has published on party organization, party membership and political finance. In 1997, she received the Rudolf Wildenmann Prize of the European Consortium for Political Research.

• Introduction PART I: FRAMEWORK The Path Towards Democracy: The Institutional Context of Party Formation Party Formation and Organizational Development: Opportunities and Constraints PART II: MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS AND PARTY STRUCTURES Portugal Spain Hungary The Czech Republic PART III: CROSS-NATIONAL PATTERNS On the Internal Balance of Power: The Extra-Parliamentary Party vs. the Party in the Public Office Financing Parties in New Democracies Patterns of Party Organization in New Democracies Endnotes References Index