Usman A. Tar is Professor and Head, Centre for Defence Studies and Documentation as well as Department of Defence and Security Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria. He is the author of The Politics of Neoliberal Democracy in Africa (IB Tauris, 2009); and editor of Globalization in Africa: Perspectives on Development, Security, and the Environment (2016).Bashir Bala is Captain in the Nigerian Army and a Doctoral Candidate for PhD Strategy and Security Studies at the University of Exeter, UK. He is the co-author of Insurgency and Counter- Insurgency in Nigeria: Perspectives on the Nigerian Army Operation Against Boko Haram (2019) and co-editor of New Architecture for Regional Security in Africa: Perspectives on Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin (2020).

• Chapter 1: Introduction: Ungoverned Spaces and Crisis of Security in Africa – Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria, and Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UKPART I: THEORISING UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICA: STATE OF THE ARTChapter 2: Theorising Ungoverned Spaces in Africa: State of the Art – Roy Love, University of York, UKChapter 3: Resource Conflicts and Spiralling Violence in Africa – Kenneth Omeje, University of South Africa, South AfricaChapter 4: Redefining the Contours of Crime and Criminality in Africa –Kam Kah, University Bouea, CameroonPART II: CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FRONTIERS OF UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICAChapter 5: Crisis of Post-Coloniality and Organised Violence in Africa - Ubong Essien Umoh, University of Uyo, Nigeria, and Otoabsi Akpan, University of Uyo, NigeriaChapter 6: Globalisation, Ungoverned Spaces and Rural Violence in Africa - Abba Gana Shettima, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 7: Agrarian Question and Communal Violence in Africa - Dauda Abubakar, University of Michigan-Flint, USAChapter 8: Law Enforcement, Criminality and Organised Crime in Africa – SP Dawud Mohammed Dawud, Nigerian Police Force, Force Headquarters, Abuja and Haruna Yerima, ABU, NigeriaChapter 9: Civil Wars, Complex Emergencies and Organised Crime in Africa - Hussain Jibrin, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria and Mallam Umar Yandaki, Usman Danfodio University, NigeriaChapter 10: The Political Economy of Resource Conflict and Organised Violence in Africa –Dele Babalola, Baze University, NigeriaChapter 11: Refugees, IDPs and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa - Sharkdam Wapmuk, Nigerian Defence Academy, NigeriaChapter 12: State Sovereignty, Social Contract and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa, Haruna D. Dlakwai, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 13: Piracy and High Sea Crime in the Gulf of Guinea – Freedom Onuoha, University of Nigeria, Nigeria and Afua Lamptey, Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, GhanaPART III: CONCLUSIONChapter 14: Conclusion: Reclaiming Ungoverned Spaces in Africa – Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UK and Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria

Usman A. Tar is Professor and Head, Centre for Defence Studies and Documentation as well as Department of Defence and Security Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria. He is the author of The Politics of Neoliberal Democracy in Africa (IB Tauris, 2009); and editor of Globalization in Africa: Perspectives on Development, Security, and the Environment (2016).Bashir Bala is Captain in the Nigerian Army and a Doctoral Candidate for PhD Strategy and Security Studies at the University of Exeter, UK. He is the co-author of Insurgency and Counter- Insurgency in Nigeria: Perspectives on the Nigerian Army Operation Against Boko Haram (2019) and co-editor of New Architecture for Regional Security in Africa: Perspectives on Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin (2020).

• Chapter 1: Introduction: Ungoverned Spaces and Crisis of Security in Africa – Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria, and Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UKPART I: THEORISING UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICA: STATE OF THE ARTChapter 2: Theorising Ungoverned Spaces in Africa: State of the Art – Roy Love, University of York, UKChapter 3: Resource Conflicts and Spiralling Violence in Africa – Kenneth Omeje, University of South Africa, South AfricaChapter 4: Redefining the Contours of Crime and Criminality in Africa –Kam Kah, University Bouea, CameroonPART II: CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FRONTIERS OF UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICAChapter 5: Crisis of Post-Coloniality and Organised Violence in Africa - Ubong Essien Umoh, University of Uyo, Nigeria, and Otoabsi Akpan, University of Uyo, NigeriaChapter 6: Globalisation, Ungoverned Spaces and Rural Violence in Africa - Abba Gana Shettima, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 7: Agrarian Question and Communal Violence in Africa - Dauda Abubakar, University of Michigan-Flint, USAChapter 8: Law Enforcement, Criminality and Organised Crime in Africa – SP Dawud Mohammed Dawud, Nigerian Police Force, Force Headquarters, Abuja and Haruna Yerima, ABU, NigeriaChapter 9: Civil Wars, Complex Emergencies and Organised Crime in Africa - Hussain Jibrin, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria and Mallam Umar Yandaki, Usman Danfodio University, NigeriaChapter 10: The Political Economy of Resource Conflict and Organised Violence in Africa –Dele Babalola, Baze University, NigeriaChapter 11: Refugees, IDPs and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa - Sharkdam Wapmuk, Nigerian Defence Academy, NigeriaChapter 12: State Sovereignty, Social Contract and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa, Haruna D. Dlakwai, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 13: Piracy and High Sea Crime in the Gulf of Guinea – Freedom Onuoha, University of Nigeria, Nigeria and Afua Lamptey, Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, GhanaPART III: CONCLUSIONChapter 14: Conclusion: Reclaiming Ungoverned Spaces in Africa – Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UK and Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria

Usman A. Tar is Professor and Head, Centre for Defence Studies and Documentation as well as Department of Defence and Security Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria. He is the author of The Politics of Neoliberal Democracy in Africa (IB Tauris, 2009); and editor of Globalization in Africa: Perspectives on Development, Security, and the Environment (2016).Bashir Bala is Captain in the Nigerian Army and a Doctoral Candidate for PhD Strategy and Security Studies at the University of Exeter, UK. He is the co-author of Insurgency and Counter- Insurgency in Nigeria: Perspectives on the Nigerian Army Operation Against Boko Haram (2019) and co-editor of New Architecture for Regional Security in Africa: Perspectives on Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin (2020).

• Chapter 1: Introduction: Ungoverned Spaces and Crisis of Security in Africa – Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria, and Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UKPART I: THEORISING UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICA: STATE OF THE ARTChapter 2: Theorising Ungoverned Spaces in Africa: State of the Art – Roy Love, University of York, UKChapter 3: Resource Conflicts and Spiralling Violence in Africa – Kenneth Omeje, University of South Africa, South AfricaChapter 4: Redefining the Contours of Crime and Criminality in Africa –Kam Kah, University Bouea, CameroonPART II: CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FRONTIERS OF UNGOVERNED SPACES IN AFRICAChapter 5: Crisis of Post-Coloniality and Organised Violence in Africa - Ubong Essien Umoh, University of Uyo, Nigeria, and Otoabsi Akpan, University of Uyo, NigeriaChapter 6: Globalisation, Ungoverned Spaces and Rural Violence in Africa - Abba Gana Shettima, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 7: Agrarian Question and Communal Violence in Africa - Dauda Abubakar, University of Michigan-Flint, USAChapter 8: Law Enforcement, Criminality and Organised Crime in Africa – SP Dawud Mohammed Dawud, Nigerian Police Force, Force Headquarters, Abuja and Haruna Yerima, ABU, NigeriaChapter 9: Civil Wars, Complex Emergencies and Organised Crime in Africa - Hussain Jibrin, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria and Mallam Umar Yandaki, Usman Danfodio University, NigeriaChapter 10: The Political Economy of Resource Conflict and Organised Violence in Africa –Dele Babalola, Baze University, NigeriaChapter 11: Refugees, IDPs and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa - Sharkdam Wapmuk, Nigerian Defence Academy, NigeriaChapter 12: State Sovereignty, Social Contract and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa, Haruna D. Dlakwai, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaChapter 13: Piracy and High Sea Crime in the Gulf of Guinea – Freedom Onuoha, University of Nigeria, Nigeria and Afua Lamptey, Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, GhanaPART III: CONCLUSIONChapter 14: Conclusion: Reclaiming Ungoverned Spaces in Africa – Bashir Bala University of Exeter, UK and Usman A Tar, Nigerian Defence Academy, Nigeria