Morteza Hashemi is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Nottingham, UK.Christopher R. Cotter is Staff Tutor (Lecturer) in Sociology and Religious Studies at the Open University, UK.

A rich and insightful volume that sheds light on religious marginalization and its various stakeholders in 21st-century Europe, urging introspection into the national identities, cultural assumptions and social infrastructures that allow for perpetuated othering and exclusion in liberal democracies.

• List of TablesList of ContributorsAcknowledgementsI. Introduction1. Introduction: Religion in Fortress Europe, Morteza Hashemi (University of Nottingham, UK) and Christopher R. Cotter (The Open University, UK)II. Setting the Scene2. Fortress Europe: Developments of a Concept Since the 1990s, Mike Slaven (University of Lincoln, UK)III. Case Studies3. Multicultural Anxieties in England: Schooling Liberalism and the Problem of Religious Expression, John Holmwood (University of Nottingham, UK)4. Philanthropic Hyphenated Identity: Shia Pakistani-Scottish Health Activism in Scotland, Morteza Hashemi (University of Nottingham, UK)5. An Embedded Minority: Young Alevis in Germany and Their Search for Identity, Martina Loth (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany)6. ‘Christian Culture’ and its Others: Culturalised Religion, Islam and Confessional Christianity in the Netherlands, Daan Beekers (University of Edinburgh, UK) 7. Shaken identities: A Refused Handshake and its Politicization in Switzerland, Martin Bürgin (University of Zurich, Switzerland) and Philipp Hetmanczyk (University of Toronto, Canada) 8. Debating Irish Identity: Religion, Race, and Nation and the Construction of Irishness, Hazel O’Brien (Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland) 9. Anti-Islam Politics, Christianity and Identity in the Finnish Public Sphere, Tuomas Äystö (University of Turku, Finland) IV. Comparative Perspectives10. Misrecognizing Muslim consciousness in Europe, Nasar Meer (University of Edinburgh, UK)11. Afterword, Grace Davie (University of Exeter, UK)NotesBibliographyIndex