Chandan Deep Singh, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Punjabi University. He has published 58 books and over 100 papers in peer-reviewed international journals and conferences. His research interests include production and industrial engineering, maintenance management, and Industry 4.0. Kanwaljit Singh, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Guru Kashi University. He has published over 50 papers in various international journals and conferences. His main research areas are production and industrial engineering and ultrasonic machining. Davinder Singh, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Punjabi University. He has published over 25 papers in various international journals and conferences. His main areas of research are production and industrial engineering, manufacturing technology, and innovation management. Talwinder Singh, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Punjabi University. He has published one book and 23 research papers in national and international journals. His research interests include environmentally friendly machining, green engineering, and cooling techniques. Jasvinder Singh is an assistant professor at Lovely Professional University. He earned his B.Tech. in 2009 from Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology and hi M.Tech from the same institution in 2011. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. from Punjabi University. Rajdeep Singh is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Punjabi University. He has published nine books, 29 papers in various peer-reviewed international journals, and four papers in international conferences. His areas of interest are automobile engineering, competencies in the manufacturing sector, and production and industrial engineering.

• 1 Revolutionizing Transportation: A Comprehensive Review of Electricity-Run Engines 1Mukhtiar Singh, Maninder Singh, Harjit Singh, Jasvinder Singh and Mandeep Singh RayatIntroduction 2Importance and Applications of Electricity-Run Engines 3Conclusion 30References 312 A Review of Water-Run Engines: A Sustainable Solution for Transportation 33Mukhtiar Singh, Maninder Singh, Harjit Singh, Jasvinder Singh and Mandeep Singh RayatIntroduction 34Theory and Design of Water-Run Engines 35Working of Water-Run Engine 36Hydrogen Electrolysis Set Up 37Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Impact 38Environmental Impact 41Practical Applications of Water-Run Engines 42Benefits 42Current Developments in Water-Run Engines 43Future Developments in Water-Run Engines 43References 443 Compressed-Air-Run Engine 45Minesh Vohra and Arjun ChopraIntroduction 46Need for Compressed-Air-Run Engine 47Compressed-Air Energy Technology: Scope, Issues, and Opportunities 47Various Compressed-Air Engine Parts 48Working Theory 50Transmission Aspects of Compressed-Air Engines 52Outcomes 54Advantages 54Disadvantages 55Applications 56Conclusion 57References 574 Hybrid Electric Water Engine (Solar Charged) 59Rajdeep Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Talwinder Singh4.1 Introduction 594.2 Why Hybrid? 624.2.1 How are Hybrid Water Air Solar-Charged Engines Different? 644.2.1.1 Hybrid Water Air Engines Will Have Compact Size 654.2.1.2 Priority to Safety 654.2.1.3 Commercialization of Product 654.3 Hybrid Water Air Engine Vehicle Structure 654.3.1 Types of Hybrid Engines 674.3.1.1 Driveline Topologies 674.3.1.2 Hybridization Level 674.3.2 Other Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 674.3.2.1 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 684.3.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors 684.4 Solar-Charged Hybrid Vehicles 684.5 Solar Charging System for Hybrid Engines 734.5.1 Types of Solar Cells 734.5.1.1 Flexible Solar Panels: Pros and Cons 734.5.1.2 Power Management 744.6 Conclusions 80References 815 Hybrid Water-Air Engine 85Rajdeep Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Talwinder Singh5.1 Introduction 855.2 Technical and Environmental Needs 885.3 Concept of Hybrid Water-Air Engines 915.3.1 Technology Background 935.3.2 Water-Air Hybrid Solution 945.3.2.1 Derivative Uses 975.3.3 Electronic Control and Measurement 975.4 Potential Applications and Societal Values 1005.4.1 Effect of Water-air Hybrid Engine on Nox Emissions 1025.4.2 Effect of Water-Air Hybrid Engine on CO and CO2 Emissions 1035.4.3 Effect of Water-Air Hybrid Engine on HC Emissions 1035.5 Conclusions 103References 1046 Hybrid Electric-Air Engine (Solar Charged) 109Rajdeep Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Talwinder Singh6.1 Introduction 1096.2 History of Hybrid Air Engines 1126.2.1 History of Electric Engines (Solar Energy Operated) 1146.3 Need for Hybrid Air Engines 1156.3.1 Benefits of Hybrid Air Engines 1156.4 Concept of Hybrid Air Engines 1176.4.1 Air Engine Powered by Solar Energy 1176.4.2 Air Compressors 1226.4.2.1 Theoretical Modelling of Compressor Mode 1226.5 Hybrid Solutions 1236.5.1 The Pneumatic–Combustion Hybrid 1236.5.2 Air Engine Hybrid 1246.5.3 Electric and Compressed Air Hybrid Engines 1246.6 Hybrid Engine Electrical Charged 1256.6.1 Hybrid Electric Engine Vehicles 1266.6.1.1 Series Hybrid Engine Vehicles 1266.6.1.2 Parallel Hybrid Engine Vehicles 1276.6.1.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Engines 1286.7 Hybrid Air Engines Solar Charged 1316.8 Conclusions 135References 1367 Tribrid Engine 141Rajdeep Singh and Chandan Deep SinghIntroduction 141Electric Tribrid Engine 142Types by Drivetrain Structure 144References 1678 Analysis of Hybrid and Tribrid Engines 169Harjit Singh, Maninder Singh, Mukhtiar Singh and Jasvinder Singh8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Design of Hybrid Engine 1718.3 Design of Tribrid Engine 1728.4 Operation of Hybrid Engines 1738.5 Operation of Tribrid Engines 1748.6 Benefits of Hybrid Engines 1758.7 Benefits of Tribrid Engines 1768.8 Conclusion 177References 1789 Assessing the Impact of Tribrid Technology on Automobile Performance and Sustainability 181Mukhtiar Singh, Harjit Singh, Jasvinder Singh, Maninder Singh and Mandeep SinghIntroduction 182Historical Development of Hybrid and Tribid Engines 183Comparison Between Conventional Combustion Engines and Other Alternative Powertrain Technologies 184Types By Drivetrain Structure 187Series Hybrid 187Introduction to Tribrid Engine Architectures and Classifications 192Performance Analysis and Evaluation 196Performance Metrics for Hybrid and Tribrid Engines 196Conclusion 208Key Insights and Implications 209Suggestions for Further Research 209References 21010 Exploring Future Implications for Tribrid Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Transportation 213Maninder Singh, Mukhtiar Singh, Harjit Singh and Jasvinder Singh10.1 Introduction 21410.2 Environmental Implications of Tribrid Vehicle 21410.3 Energy Efficiency 21610.4 Battery Technology 21710.5 Hydrogen Infrastructure 21810.6 Consumer Adoption 21910.7 Tribrid Vehicles in Emerging Markets 22010.8 Government Policies and Incentives for Tribrid Vehicles 22010.8.1 Tax Incentives 22010.9 Research and Development Grants 22110.10 Infrastructure Investment 22210.11 Subsidies for Fleet Vehicles 22310.12 Emissions Regulations on Tribrid Vehicle 22410.13 Rebates for Scrappage of Older Vehicles 225References 226Index 229