Hydrogen Electrical Vehicles

Mehmet Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir’s research interests include membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. This is his sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU and her research interests include photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xi1 Hydrogen Electrical Vehicles 1Ameen Uddin Ammar, Mohamad Hasan Aleinawi and Emre Erdem1.1 Hydrogen Usage in Electrical Vehicles 11.2 Hydrogen Production for Electrical Vehicles 41.3 Hydrogen Storage Methods 61.4 State-of-the-Art for Hydrogen Generation and Usage for Electrical Vehicles 61.5 Conclusions 8References 92 Study on a New Hydrogen Storage System – Performance, Permeation, and Filling/Refilling 11Leonardo Ribeiro, Gustavo F. Pinto, Andresa Baptista and Joaquim Monteiro2.1 Introduction 122.2 Outline of the New Storage System 152.2.1 Theoretical Tools Used for the System Analysis 162.3 Results 312.4 Conclusions 38Abbreviations 40List of Symbols 40Subscripts 41Greek Symbols 42References 423 A Review on Hydrogen Compression Methods for Hydrogen Refuelling Stations 47Nikolaos Chalkiadakis, Athanasios Stubos, Emmanuel Stamatakis, Emmanuel Zoulias and Theocharis Tsoutsos3.1 Introduction 483.2 Mechanical Compressors 493.2.1 Reciprocating Piston Compressors 493.2.1.1 Basic Components and Operation of Reciprocating Piston Compressors 503.2.1.2 Thermodynamic and Motion Dynamics Principles of Reciprocating Piston Compressors 513.2.2 Reciprocating Diaphragm Compressors 553.2.2.1 Reciprocating Diaphragm Compressor Components 563.2.2.2 Operating Principle of Diaphragm Compressor 573.2.3 Integration of Reciprocating Piston Compressors in Hydrogen Refueling Stations 583.3 Non-Mechanical Compressors 583.3.1 Metal Hydride Compressors 593.3.1.1 Principle of Operation 593.3.2 Typical Metal Hydride Compressor Stage 613.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Single Metal Hydride Compressor Stage 623.3.2.2 Metal Hydride Compressor Stage Design 643.3.3 Metal Hydride Compressors Stages Integration 653.3.4 Metal Hydride Compressor Integration in Hydrogen Refuelling Stations 663.4 Electrochemical Compressors 673.4.1 Components and Operation of Electrochemical Compressors 673.4.2 Integration of Electrochemical Compression in a Hydrogen Refuelling Station 71References 724 Current Technologies and Future Trends of Hydrogen Propulsion Systems in Hybrid Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 75Hasan Çınar, Ilyas Kandemir and Teresa Donateo4.1 Introduction of Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion for UAVs 764.2 Unified Classification of the Components | of a Hybrid Electric Power System in UAVs 794.2.1 Converters 794.2.2 Storage Systems 844.3 Fuel Cell-Based Hybrid Propulsion System Architectures 874.4 Experiments on Fuel Cell-Based UAVs 894.5 Energy Management Strategies of Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion 924.6 Conclusions and Future Trends for Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion of UAVs 99References 1015 Test and Evaluation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 111Dong Hao, Yanyi Zhang, Renguang Wang, Tian Sun and Minghui Ma5.1 Introduction 1115.2 Test and Evaluation System 1135.2.1 Test and Evaluation System for FCVs 1135.2.2 Test and Evaluation System for FCEs 1135.2.3 Test and Evaluation System for Main Components 1155.3 Safety Performance Requirements for FCVs 1155.3.1 Safety Requirements for Whole Vehicle of FCVs 1175.3.1.1 Requirements for Vehicle Hydrogen Emission 1175.3.1.2 Requirements for Vehicle Hydrogen Leakage 1175.3.1.3 Requirements for Reminder of Low Residual Hydrogen Gas in the Tank 1185.3.1.4 Requirements for Electrical Safety 1185.3.2 Safety Requirements for Hydrogen System Safety 1185.3.2.1 Requirements for the Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Pipelines 1195.3.2.2 Requirements for Pressure Relief System 1195.3.2.3 Requirements for Hydrogen Refueling and Receptacle 1195.3.2.4 Requirements for Hydrogen Pipeline Leakage and Detection 1205.3.2.5 Requirements for the Function of Hydrogen Leakage Alarm Device 1205.3.2.6 Requirements for Hydrogen Discharge of Storage Tank 1205.4 Hydrogen Leakage and Emission Test 1205.4.1 Analysis of Existing Related Standards 1215.4.2 Development of Sealed Test Chamber 1215.4.2.1 Internal Dimensions 1215.4.2.2 Air Exchange Rate 1215.4.2.3 Security Measures Adopted for Test Chamber 1225.4.2.4 Arrangement of Key Components 1225.4.3 Test Conditions 1235.4.4 Test of Two-Fuel-Cell Passenger Cars 1235.4.5 Test Results Analysis 1235.4.5.1 Hydrogen Leakage in the Parking State 1235.4.5.2 Hydrogen Emissions Under Combined Operating Conditions 1265.5 Test for Energy Consumption and Range of FCVs 1285.5.1 Test Vehicle Preparation 1295.5.2 Test Procedure 1295.5.3 Requirements for Data Collection 1305.5.4 Range and Energy Consumption Calculation for FCVs 1305.5.4.1 Data Process Steps for the Plugin FCVs 1305.5.4.2 Data Analysis for the Plugin FCVs 1325.5.5 Test of Range and Energy Consumption for Fuel Cell Passenger Car 1335.5.5.1 Test of Plugin Fuel Cell Car 1335.5.5.2 Test of Non-Plugin Fuel Cell Car 1345.5.6 Test of Range and Energy Consumption for Fuel Cell Truck 1355.5.6.1 Brief Introduction of Test Vehicle and Test Cycles 1355.5.6.2 Test Requirements 1355.5.6.3 Power Change and Energy Consumption Results 1365.5.6.4 Hydrogen Emission and Hydrogen Leakage 1385.6 Subzero Cold Start Test for FCVs 1395.6.1 Test Method for Cold Start Under Subzero Temperature 1405.6.1.1 Test Conditions 1405.6.1.2 Vehicle Soaking Under Subzero Temperature 1405.6.1.3 Test Process for Subzero Cold Start of FCE 1415.6.1.4 Test Process for Subzero Cold Start of FCVs 1415.6.1.5 Data Collection and Results 1425.6.2 Test for Subzero Cold Start of FCVs 1435.6.2.1 Test System Development 1435.6.2.2 Analysis of Test Results 1445.7 Conclusion 146References 1476 Hydrogen Production and Polymer Electrode Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells for Electrical Vehicles 149Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Tuluhan Olcayto Çolak, Alihan Kumtepe, Emine Karagöz, Ozlem Coskun, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir6.1 Introduction 1506.1.1 Energy Challenges and Green Energy Demand 1506.1.2 FC in Green Energy Aspect 1516.1.3 Recent Developments in FC Vehicles (FCV) Market 1526.2 PEMFC Technology 1546.2.1 PEMFC Working Principle and Components 1546.2.1.1 Proton Exchange Membrane 1566.2.1.2 Electrodes 1596.2.1.3 Bipolar Plate (BP) 1606.2.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 1666.2.3 Challenges to Overcome for FCVs 1686.3 Hydrogen Storage for FCs and On-Demand Hydrogen Generation 1696.3.1 Hydrogen Storage 1696.3.1.1 Physical-Based Hydrogen Storage 1706.3.1.2 Material-Based Hydrogen Storage 1716.3.2 On-Board Hydrogen Generation 1746.3.3 Are the FCs Considered to be 100% Green? 1756.4 FCs and Automotive Applications 1776.4.1 PEMFC Systems in Automobiles 179Summary and Concluding Remarks 182References 1827 Power Density and Durability in Fuel Cell Vehicles 199H. Heidary and M. Moein-Jahromi7.1 Fuel Cell Performance and Power Density 2007.1.1 Introduction 2007.1.2 Bipolar Plate 2017.1.2.1 Blockages Along the Flow-Field of PEMFCs 2027.1.3 Bio-Inspired Flow Fields 2077.1.4 Metal Foam 2097.1.5 Recent Progress in Bipolar Plates of Vehicular Fuel Cells 2137.2 Fuel Cell Degradation Mechanisms 2157.2.1 Introduction 2157.2.2 Start-Stop Cycling 2197.2.3 Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)/Idling Operation 2237.2.3.1 H2 O2 Generation and Free Radicals’ Attack 2237.2.3.2 Pt Catalyst Degradation 2267.2.4 Load Cycling 2307.2.4.1 Mechanical Degradation of Load Cycling 2317.2.4.2 Starvation 2317.2.4.3 Chemical Degradation of Load Cycling 2337.2.5 High Power 2347.2.6 Summary of Aging Mechanisms 2357.2.7 Measures to Control and Reduce the Degradation Rate of Fuel Cell 237References 239Index 257