Mousumi Sen, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Amity University, India. She received her PhD in bioinorganic chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Her research interest is focused on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals. Her research focus also includes the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water, food chemistry, heavy metal detoxification, composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute as well as edited and authored books and book chapters. Monalisa Mukherjee, PhD, is the Director of the Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies and a professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2006. She is also a recipient of the UK-India Distinguished Visiting Scientist Award in 2011 and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2021.

• Preface xv1 Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters 1Mousumi Sen1.1 Introduction 21.2 What Are Nanoparticles? 21.3 Types of Nanoparticles 41.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle 41.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 41.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 71.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 81.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 91.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles 91.3.2.1 Liposomes 101.3.2.2 Micelles 101.3.2.3 Dendrimers 101.4 Approaches 101.5 Conclusion 18References 192 Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences 25Utkarsh Jain and Kirti Saxena2.1 Introduction 262.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches? 272.3 Green Nanotechnology 282.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 292.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience 332.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries 342.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles 342.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics 352.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 352.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines 352.6 Conclusion 36References 373 Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics 43Tathagata Adhikary, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain and Piyali Basak3.1 Introduction 443.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis 443.1.2 Green Nanotechnology 463.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis 473.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 523.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations 553.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization 553.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 57Acknowledgment 58References 594 Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications 65Yashtika Raj Singh, Abhyavartin Selvam, P.E. Lokhande and Sandip Chakrabarti4.1 Introduction 664.2 Biotemplates 694.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates 704.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates 754.2.2.1 Bacteria 754.2.2.2 Fungi 794.2.2.3 Yeast 794.2.2.4 Algae 824.3 Synthesis Routes 844.3.1 Effect of pH 844.3.2 Effect of Temperature 854.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules 864.3.3.1 Plant-Based 864.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based 874.4 Applications 884.4.1 Biomedical Application 884.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 884.4.1.2 Biomedication 904.4.1.3 Vaccines 904.4.1.4 Antidiabetic 914.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications 914.4.2 Environmental Application 924.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation 934.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes 934.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment 944.4.2.4 Agriculture 944.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96References 985 Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle 115Pradip Kumar Sukul and Chirantan Kar5.0 Introduction 1165.1 Bacteria 1185.2 Fungi 1225.3 Yeast 1275.4 Viruses 1295.5 Algae 1325.6 Plants 1345.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 135References 1366 Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae 141Reetu, Monalisa Mukherjee and Monika Prakash Rai6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 1436.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1456.3.1 Light 1466.3.2 Temperature 1466.3.3 Incubation Period 1466.3.4 pH 1476.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst 1476.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials 1476.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents 1486.4.2 Anticancerous 1496.4.3 Biosensing 1496.4.4 Bioremediation 1496.5 Future Perspectives 1506.6 Conclusion 150References 1517 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects 157Indrajit Roy7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants 1607.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants 1647.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants 1687.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants 1737.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants 1777.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgments 182References 1838 A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications 189Susmita Das and Kajari Dutta8.1 Introduction 1908.2 Green Synthetic Approaches 1908.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1908.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria 1918.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi 1918.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes 1928.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae 1928.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 1938.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications 1938.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) 1938.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles 1958.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 1968.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Nanoparticles 1978.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 1978.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 1988.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 1998.4 Conclusion 200References 2009 A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation 207Vishakha Sherawata, Anamika Saini, Priyanka Dalal and Deepika Sharma9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures 2099.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism 2109.3 Biomimetic Structures 2139.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products 2149.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure 2199.6 Conclusion 2239.7 Future Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials 231Arpita Bhattacharya10.1 Introduction 23210.2 Biopolymers 23310.2.1 Cellulose 23410.2.2 Chitosan 23410.2.3 Starch 23410.2.4 Chitin 23510.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 23510.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 23510.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites 23610.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites 23610.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites 23710.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 23810.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites 24010.4.1 Electrospinning 24010.4.2 Solvent Casting 24010.4.3 Melt Moulding 24110.4.4 Freeze Drying 24210.4.5 3D Printing 24210.4.6 Ball Milling Method 24310.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation 24410.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method 24510.5 Application of Bionanocomposites 24610.5.1 Orthopedics 24610.5.2 Dental Applications 24810.5.3 Tissue Engineering 25110.6 Conclusion 252References 25211 Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications 263Santu Bera11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design 26411.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials 26611.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins 26711.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides 27011.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly- Based Piezoelectric Materials 27311.2 Biomedical Applications 27611.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors 27611.2.2 Tissue Regeneration 27911.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 281Acknowledgment 282References 28212 Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics 291Chiging Tupe and Soumyananda Chakraborti12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading 29512.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics 29812.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein 29812.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs 29912.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy 30012.4 Future Perspective 30112.5 Conclusion 301Acknowledgment 301References 30213 Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies 307Radhika Chaurasia, Omnarayan Agrawal, Rupesh, Shweta Bansal and Monalisa Mukherjee13.1 Introduction 30813.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures 30913.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 30913.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures 31013.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 31013.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles 31113.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 31313.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles 31413.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis 31413.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31513.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31613.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31713.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures 31813.7 Conclusion 319References 31914 Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials 325Warren Rosario and Nidhi Chauhan14.1 Introduction 32614.2 Bioinspired Materials 32714.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance 32714.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics 32814.4.1 Applications in Optics 32814.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy 32914.4.3 Applications in Energy 33114.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine 33314.5 Applications in Medicine 33314.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance 33614.7 Optics-Specific Challenges 34114.8 Energy-Specific Challenges 34214.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges 34214.10 Conclusion 343References 34415 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications 353Sreemoyee Chakraborty, Debabrata Bera, Lakshmishri Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh15.1 Introduction 35415.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways 35715.3 Nanobiomimicry—Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 35915.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 36115.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36115.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36215.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds 36315.4.3.1 Carbohydrates 36315.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid 36315.4.3.3 Peptides 36415.4.3.4 DNA 36415.4.3.5 Antibody 36415.4.3.6 Enzyme 36515.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials 36715.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development 36715.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 37015.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 37615.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design 37815.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor 38015.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring 38115.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering 38315.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering 38715.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology 38915.7 Conclusion 390References 391Index 405

Mousumi Sen, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Amity University, India. She received her PhD in bioinorganic chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Her research interest is focused on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals. Her research focus also includes the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water, food chemistry, heavy metal detoxification, composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute as well as edited and authored books and book chapters. Monalisa Mukherjee, PhD, is the Director of the Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies and a professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2006. She is also a recipient of the UK-India Distinguished Visiting Scientist Award in 2011 and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2021.

• Preface xv1 Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters 1Mousumi Sen1.1 Introduction 21.2 What Are Nanoparticles? 21.3 Types of Nanoparticles 41.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle 41.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 41.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 71.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 81.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 91.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles 91.3.2.1 Liposomes 101.3.2.2 Micelles 101.3.2.3 Dendrimers 101.4 Approaches 101.5 Conclusion 18References 192 Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences 25Utkarsh Jain and Kirti Saxena2.1 Introduction 262.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches? 272.3 Green Nanotechnology 282.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 292.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience 332.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries 342.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles 342.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics 352.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 352.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines 352.6 Conclusion 36References 373 Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics 43Tathagata Adhikary, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain and Piyali Basak3.1 Introduction 443.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis 443.1.2 Green Nanotechnology 463.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis 473.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 523.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations 553.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization 553.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 57Acknowledgment 58References 594 Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications 65Yashtika Raj Singh, Abhyavartin Selvam, P.E. Lokhande and Sandip Chakrabarti4.1 Introduction 664.2 Biotemplates 694.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates 704.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates 754.2.2.1 Bacteria 754.2.2.2 Fungi 794.2.2.3 Yeast 794.2.2.4 Algae 824.3 Synthesis Routes 844.3.1 Effect of pH 844.3.2 Effect of Temperature 854.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules 864.3.3.1 Plant-Based 864.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based 874.4 Applications 884.4.1 Biomedical Application 884.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 884.4.1.2 Biomedication 904.4.1.3 Vaccines 904.4.1.4 Antidiabetic 914.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications 914.4.2 Environmental Application 924.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation 934.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes 934.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment 944.4.2.4 Agriculture 944.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96References 985 Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle 115Pradip Kumar Sukul and Chirantan Kar5.0 Introduction 1165.1 Bacteria 1185.2 Fungi 1225.3 Yeast 1275.4 Viruses 1295.5 Algae 1325.6 Plants 1345.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 135References 1366 Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae 141Reetu, Monalisa Mukherjee and Monika Prakash Rai6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 1436.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1456.3.1 Light 1466.3.2 Temperature 1466.3.3 Incubation Period 1466.3.4 pH 1476.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst 1476.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials 1476.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents 1486.4.2 Anticancerous 1496.4.3 Biosensing 1496.4.4 Bioremediation 1496.5 Future Perspectives 1506.6 Conclusion 150References 1517 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects 157Indrajit Roy7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants 1607.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants 1647.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants 1687.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants 1737.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants 1777.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgments 182References 1838 A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications 189Susmita Das and Kajari Dutta8.1 Introduction 1908.2 Green Synthetic Approaches 1908.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1908.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria 1918.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi 1918.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes 1928.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae 1928.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 1938.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications 1938.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) 1938.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles 1958.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 1968.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Nanoparticles 1978.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 1978.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 1988.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 1998.4 Conclusion 200References 2009 A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation 207Vishakha Sherawata, Anamika Saini, Priyanka Dalal and Deepika Sharma9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures 2099.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism 2109.3 Biomimetic Structures 2139.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products 2149.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure 2199.6 Conclusion 2239.7 Future Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials 231Arpita Bhattacharya10.1 Introduction 23210.2 Biopolymers 23310.2.1 Cellulose 23410.2.2 Chitosan 23410.2.3 Starch 23410.2.4 Chitin 23510.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 23510.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 23510.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites 23610.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites 23610.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites 23710.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 23810.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites 24010.4.1 Electrospinning 24010.4.2 Solvent Casting 24010.4.3 Melt Moulding 24110.4.4 Freeze Drying 24210.4.5 3D Printing 24210.4.6 Ball Milling Method 24310.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation 24410.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method 24510.5 Application of Bionanocomposites 24610.5.1 Orthopedics 24610.5.2 Dental Applications 24810.5.3 Tissue Engineering 25110.6 Conclusion 252References 25211 Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications 263Santu Bera11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design 26411.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials 26611.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins 26711.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides 27011.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly- Based Piezoelectric Materials 27311.2 Biomedical Applications 27611.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors 27611.2.2 Tissue Regeneration 27911.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 281Acknowledgment 282References 28212 Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics 291Chiging Tupe and Soumyananda Chakraborti12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading 29512.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics 29812.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein 29812.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs 29912.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy 30012.4 Future Perspective 30112.5 Conclusion 301Acknowledgment 301References 30213 Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies 307Radhika Chaurasia, Omnarayan Agrawal, Rupesh, Shweta Bansal and Monalisa Mukherjee13.1 Introduction 30813.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures 30913.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 30913.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures 31013.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 31013.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles 31113.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 31313.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles 31413.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis 31413.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31513.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31613.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31713.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures 31813.7 Conclusion 319References 31914 Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials 325Warren Rosario and Nidhi Chauhan14.1 Introduction 32614.2 Bioinspired Materials 32714.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance 32714.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics 32814.4.1 Applications in Optics 32814.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy 32914.4.3 Applications in Energy 33114.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine 33314.5 Applications in Medicine 33314.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance 33614.7 Optics-Specific Challenges 34114.8 Energy-Specific Challenges 34214.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges 34214.10 Conclusion 343References 34415 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications 353Sreemoyee Chakraborty, Debabrata Bera, Lakshmishri Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh15.1 Introduction 35415.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways 35715.3 Nanobiomimicry—Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 35915.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 36115.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36115.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36215.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds 36315.4.3.1 Carbohydrates 36315.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid 36315.4.3.3 Peptides 36415.4.3.4 DNA 36415.4.3.5 Antibody 36415.4.3.6 Enzyme 36515.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials 36715.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development 36715.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 37015.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 37615.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design 37815.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor 38015.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring 38115.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering 38315.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering 38715.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology 38915.7 Conclusion 390References 391Index 405

Mousumi Sen, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Amity University, India. She received her PhD in bioinorganic chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Her research interest is focused on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals. Her research focus also includes the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water, food chemistry, heavy metal detoxification, composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute as well as edited and authored books and book chapters. Monalisa Mukherjee, PhD, is the Director of the Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies and a professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2006. She is also a recipient of the UK-India Distinguished Visiting Scientist Award in 2011 and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2021.

• Preface xv1 Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters 1Mousumi Sen1.1 Introduction 21.2 What Are Nanoparticles? 21.3 Types of Nanoparticles 41.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle 41.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 41.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 71.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 81.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 91.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles 91.3.2.1 Liposomes 101.3.2.2 Micelles 101.3.2.3 Dendrimers 101.4 Approaches 101.5 Conclusion 18References 192 Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences 25Utkarsh Jain and Kirti Saxena2.1 Introduction 262.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches? 272.3 Green Nanotechnology 282.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 292.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience 332.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries 342.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles 342.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics 352.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 352.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines 352.6 Conclusion 36References 373 Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics 43Tathagata Adhikary, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain and Piyali Basak3.1 Introduction 443.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis 443.1.2 Green Nanotechnology 463.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis 473.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 523.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations 553.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization 553.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 57Acknowledgment 58References 594 Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications 65Yashtika Raj Singh, Abhyavartin Selvam, P.E. Lokhande and Sandip Chakrabarti4.1 Introduction 664.2 Biotemplates 694.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates 704.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates 754.2.2.1 Bacteria 754.2.2.2 Fungi 794.2.2.3 Yeast 794.2.2.4 Algae 824.3 Synthesis Routes 844.3.1 Effect of pH 844.3.2 Effect of Temperature 854.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules 864.3.3.1 Plant-Based 864.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based 874.4 Applications 884.4.1 Biomedical Application 884.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 884.4.1.2 Biomedication 904.4.1.3 Vaccines 904.4.1.4 Antidiabetic 914.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications 914.4.2 Environmental Application 924.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation 934.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes 934.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment 944.4.2.4 Agriculture 944.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96References 985 Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle 115Pradip Kumar Sukul and Chirantan Kar5.0 Introduction 1165.1 Bacteria 1185.2 Fungi 1225.3 Yeast 1275.4 Viruses 1295.5 Algae 1325.6 Plants 1345.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 135References 1366 Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae 141Reetu, Monalisa Mukherjee and Monika Prakash Rai6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 1436.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1456.3.1 Light 1466.3.2 Temperature 1466.3.3 Incubation Period 1466.3.4 pH 1476.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst 1476.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials 1476.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents 1486.4.2 Anticancerous 1496.4.3 Biosensing 1496.4.4 Bioremediation 1496.5 Future Perspectives 1506.6 Conclusion 150References 1517 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects 157Indrajit Roy7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants 1607.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants 1647.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants 1687.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants 1737.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants 1777.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgments 182References 1838 A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications 189Susmita Das and Kajari Dutta8.1 Introduction 1908.2 Green Synthetic Approaches 1908.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1908.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria 1918.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi 1918.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes 1928.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae 1928.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 1938.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications 1938.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) 1938.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles 1958.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 1968.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Nanoparticles 1978.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 1978.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 1988.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 1998.4 Conclusion 200References 2009 A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation 207Vishakha Sherawata, Anamika Saini, Priyanka Dalal and Deepika Sharma9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures 2099.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism 2109.3 Biomimetic Structures 2139.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products 2149.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure 2199.6 Conclusion 2239.7 Future Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials 231Arpita Bhattacharya10.1 Introduction 23210.2 Biopolymers 23310.2.1 Cellulose 23410.2.2 Chitosan 23410.2.3 Starch 23410.2.4 Chitin 23510.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 23510.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 23510.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites 23610.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites 23610.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites 23710.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 23810.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites 24010.4.1 Electrospinning 24010.4.2 Solvent Casting 24010.4.3 Melt Moulding 24110.4.4 Freeze Drying 24210.4.5 3D Printing 24210.4.6 Ball Milling Method 24310.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation 24410.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method 24510.5 Application of Bionanocomposites 24610.5.1 Orthopedics 24610.5.2 Dental Applications 24810.5.3 Tissue Engineering 25110.6 Conclusion 252References 25211 Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications 263Santu Bera11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design 26411.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials 26611.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins 26711.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides 27011.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly- Based Piezoelectric Materials 27311.2 Biomedical Applications 27611.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors 27611.2.2 Tissue Regeneration 27911.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 281Acknowledgment 282References 28212 Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics 291Chiging Tupe and Soumyananda Chakraborti12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading 29512.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics 29812.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein 29812.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs 29912.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy 30012.4 Future Perspective 30112.5 Conclusion 301Acknowledgment 301References 30213 Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies 307Radhika Chaurasia, Omnarayan Agrawal, Rupesh, Shweta Bansal and Monalisa Mukherjee13.1 Introduction 30813.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures 30913.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 30913.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures 31013.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 31013.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles 31113.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 31313.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles 31413.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis 31413.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31513.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31613.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 31713.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures 31813.7 Conclusion 319References 31914 Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials 325Warren Rosario and Nidhi Chauhan14.1 Introduction 32614.2 Bioinspired Materials 32714.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance 32714.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics 32814.4.1 Applications in Optics 32814.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy 32914.4.3 Applications in Energy 33114.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine 33314.5 Applications in Medicine 33314.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance 33614.7 Optics-Specific Challenges 34114.8 Energy-Specific Challenges 34214.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges 34214.10 Conclusion 343References 34415 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications 353Sreemoyee Chakraborty, Debabrata Bera, Lakshmishri Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh15.1 Introduction 35415.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways 35715.3 Nanobiomimicry—Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 35915.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 36115.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36115.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36215.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds 36315.4.3.1 Carbohydrates 36315.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid 36315.4.3.3 Peptides 36415.4.3.4 DNA 36415.4.3.5 Antibody 36415.4.3.6 Enzyme 36515.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 36515.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials 36715.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development 36715.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 37015.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 37615.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design 37815.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor 38015.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring 38115.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering 38315.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering 38715.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology 38915.7 Conclusion 390References 391Index 405