Vitamins as Nutraceuticals

Eknath D. Ahire, is a PhD research fellow in the Department of Pharmaceutics at the METs, Institute of Pharmacy, BKC, Adgaon, and Nashik, India. Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes in India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, one patent, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. Khemchand R. Surana is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the SSS’s Divine College of Pharmacy, Nashik, India Sippy Singh, is an associate professor in the Department of Zoology, S.S. Khanna Girls’ Degree College, Prayagraj, India. She has more than nine years of teaching experience and over 20 research articles in national and international journals. Rajesh K. Kesharwani, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, India. He has more than 11 years of research and nine years of teaching experience in various institutes in India. He has authored over 55 peer-reviewed articles, 24 book chapters, and 15 edited books.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction to Nutraceutical Vitamins 1Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Shital J. Patil, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Multivitamins 41.1.2 Classification of Vitamins 41.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, F, and K 41.2.1 Vitamin A 41.2.2 Vitamin d 61.2.3 Vitamin E 81.2.4 Vitamin F 91.2.5 Vitamin K 111.2.6 Water-Soluble Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B7, B9, B 12 (B complex), and c 121.2.6.1 Vitamin B 1 131.2.6.2 Vitamin B 2 151.2.6.3 Vitamin B 3 161.2.7 Vitamin B 5 171.2.8 Vitamin B 6 191.2.9 Vitamin B9, BC, Vitamin M, or Folacin 201.2.10 Vitamin B 12 221.2.11 Vitamin c 241.3 Conclusions 26Acknowledgment 27References 272 Structure and Functions of Vitamins 35Suvarna S. Khairnar, Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane2.1 Introduction 362.2 Structural Discussion 372.2.1 Vitamin A 372.2.2 Vitamin d 392.2.3 Vitamin E 412.2.4 Vitamin K 422.2.5 Vitamin B 1 432.2.6 Vitamin B 2 442.2.7 Vitamin B 3 452.2.8 Vitamin B7/H 462.2.9 Vitamin B9/Folic Acid 472.2.10 Vitamin B 12 482.2.11 Vitamin c 492.3 Conclusion 55References 553 Vitamin Intervention in Cardiac Health 61Shubham J. Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire, Madhuri D. Deshmukh, Raj K. Keservani, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar, Amit Kumar Rajora and Manju Amit Kumar Rajora3.1 Introduction 623.2 Vitamin Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease 633.3 Vitamin Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease 663.4 Clinical Research Suggesting Antioxidant Vitamins’ Beneficial Effects in CVP 703.5 Beneficial Effects of B Vitamins in CVP 733.6 Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Health 733.7 Conclusion 76Acknowledgment 77References 774 Impact of Vitamins on Immunity 87Abhijeet G. Parkhe, Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane4.1 Introduction 884.2 Vitamin-Rich Foods for the Management of Immune System-Related Diseases 894.3 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Reported in the Literature Commonly Used in the Treatment of the Immune System-Related Diseases 924.3.1 Vitamin A 924.3.2 Vitamin d 934.3.3 Vitamin E 944.4 Water Soluble Vitamins Reported in the Literature Commonly Used in the Treatment of the Immune System-Related Diseases 954.4.1 Vitamin B 1 954.4.2 Vitamin B 2 964.4.3 Vitamin B 3 974.4.4 Vitamin B 6 984.4.5 Vitamin B 9 984.4.6 Vitamin B 12 994.4.7 Vitamin c 994.5 Conclusion 100Acknowledgment 100References 1015 Nutraceuticals Potential of Fat-Soluble Vitamins 107Jagannath Gaikwad, Shweta Jogdand, Afsar Pathan, Ashwini Mahajan, Anmol Darak, Eknath D. Ahire and Khemchand R. Surana5.1 Introduction 1085.1.1 Categories of Nutraceuticals 1095.1.2 Vitamins 1105.1.2.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 1115.1.2.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Covid- 19 1165.1.2.3 Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins (Potential) 1175.2 Prospective Market Potential of Vitamin K 2 1235.3 Conclusion 123Acknowledgment 124References 1246 Marine-Derived Sources of Nutritional Vitamins 129Neelam L. Dashputre, Rahul R. Sable, Mayur Sawant, Shubham J. Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire, Surabhi B. Patil and Jayesh D. Kadam6.1 Introduction 1306.2 Marine-Based Beneficial Molecules 1316.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 1316.2.1.1 Anti-Oxidant Properties 1326.2.1.2 Anti-Microbial Properties 1336.2.1.3 Anti-Hypertensive Activity 1346.2.1.4 Anti-Allergy and Anti-Inflammatory Activity 1346.2.1.5 Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Activity 1346.2.1.6 Anti-Cancer and Anti-Tumor Activity 1356.3 Beneficial Molecules from Marine Macroalgae 1366.3.1 Pigments 1366.3.2 Polysaccharides 1386.3.3 Phenolic Compounds 1406.4 Fish Oil 1416.5 EAA in Protein Supplement Systems 1426.6 Minerals in Seafood for Human Diet 1436.7 Marine-Based Vitamin Sources 1446.8 Dopamine in Seafood as Drug and Supplement 1496.9 Bioactive Peptides From Marine Sources 1506.10 Gelatin From Marine Sources 1516.11 Health Benefit of Nano-Based Materials for Bioactive Compounds from Marine-Based Sources 1536.12 Conclusions 155Acknowledgment 156References 1567 Nutraceutical Properties of Seaweed Vitamins 167Afsar Pathan, Mahima M. Mahajan, Pankaj G. Jain, Shital P. Zambad, Govinda S. Bhandari, Anmol D. Darak, Eknath D. Ahire, Amit Kumar Rajora and Khemchand R. Surana7.1 Introduction 1687.2 Bioactive Compounds from Seaweeds 1707.2.1 Vitamins 1707.2.2 Polysaccharides 1707.2.3 Lipids and Fatty Acids 1707.2.4 Phytochemicals 1717.3 Seaweed Vitamins as Nutraceuticals 1717.4 Types of Seaweed Vitamin 1727.5 Vitamin Composition in Seaweed 1737.5.1 Therapeutic Properties of Seaweed Vitamins 1757.6 Future Perspectives 1787.7 Conclusion 179Acknowledgment 180References 1808 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Pregnancy 185Tushar N. Lokhande, Kshitij S. Varma, Shrikant M. Gharate, Sunil K. Mahajan and Khemchand R. Surana8.1 Introduction 1868.1.1 Diet and Nourishment in Pregnancy 1868.2 Role of Important Vitamins in Pregnancy 1888.2.1 Vitamin A/Retinol 1888.2.2 Vitamin D/Calciferol 1898.2.3 Vitamin E/Tocopherol 1898.2.4 Vitamin B1/Thiamine 1918.2.5 Vitamin B7/Biotin 1918.2.6 Vitamin B9/Folic Acid 1918.2.7 Vitamin B12/Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin 1928.2.8 Vitamin C/Ascorbic Acid 1928.3 Concept of Nutraceuticals 1948.4 Targeted Nutrition Foods for Pregnancy 1958.5 Concentrations of Vitamins During Pregnancy 1968.6 Role of Vitamins in the Body 1978.7 Herbal Sources as a Vitamin 1978.8 Conclusion 198Acknowledgment 199References 1999 Role of Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 205Simona D’souza, Pavan Udavant, Jayesh Kadam, Shubham Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire and Rahul SableAbbreviations 2069.1 Introduction 2079.1.1 Introduction to Vitamins 2079.1.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 2099.1.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2099.2 Metabolic Diseases 2109.2.1 Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 2119.2.1.1 Vitamin A 2119.2.1.2 Vitamin d 2149.2.1.3 Vitamin E 2179.2.1.4 Vitamin K 2199.2.2 Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 2229.2.2.1 Vitamin B 3 2229.2.2.2 Vitamin B 5 2239.2.2.3 Vitamin B 6 2249.2.2.4 Vitamin B 2 2259.2.2.5 Vitamin B 9 2259.2.2.6 Vitamin B 12 2259.2.2.7 Vitamin c 2279.3 Can Ascorbic Acid Lead to Cancer? 2289.4 Conclusion 229Acknowledgment 229References 22910 Beneficial Effects of Water‐Soluble Vitamins in Nutrition and Health Promotion 235Afsar S. Pathan, Pankaj G. Jain, Ashwini B. Mahajan, Vivek S. Kumawat, Eknath D. Ahire, Khemchand R. Surana, Amit K. Rajora and Manju Amit Kumar Rajora10.1 Introduction 23610.1.1 Vitamin and Its Types 23710.1.1.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins 23710.1.1.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 23810.1.2 History of Vitamins 23810.1.2.1 Vitamin B-Complex 23910.2 Beneficial Effects of Vitamins on Nutrition 24410.3 Beneficial Effects of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Health Promotion 24710.3.1 Vitamin B 1 24710.3.2 Vitamin c 24710.4 Future Prospective of the Water-Soluble Vitamins 24810.5 Conclusion 249Acknowledgment 249References 24911 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Anemia 253Snehal D. Pawar, Shubham D. Deore, Nikita P. Bairagi, Vaishnavi B. Deshmukh, Tushar N. Lokhande and Khemchand R. Surana11.1 Introduction 25411.1.1 Classification of Nutraceuticals 25511.2 Anemia 25511.2.1 Types of Anemia 25611.2.2 Causes of Anemia 25811.3 Role of Vitamins in Nutraceuticals for Anemia 25811.3.1 Role of Iron in Anemia as Nutraceutical 25811.3.2 Vitamin A 25911.3.3 Vitamin c 26011.3.4 Vitamin E 26111.3.5 Folate 26211.3.6 Vitamin B 12 26311.3.7 Riboflavin 26311.4 Structure of Vitamins 26511.5 Conclusion 275Acknowledgment 275References 27512 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Oral Health 281Tushar N. Lokhande, Snehal D. Pawar, Snehal S. Kolpe, Khemchand R. Surana, Smita C. Bonde and Sunil K. Mahajan12.1 Introduction 28212.1.1 Nutraceuticals Categorized Based on Food Available in Market 28312.2 Vitamins 28512.2.1 History of Vitamins 28612.2.2 Importance of Vitamins for Humans 28712.3 Role of Vitamins as Nutraceutical for Oral Health 28712.3.1 Vitamins Associated with the Oral Health as Nutraceuticals 28712.3.3.1 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 28712.3.3.2 Vitamin d 28912.3.3.3 Vitamin E 29012.3.3.4 Vitamin K (MKs) 29112.3.3.5 Vitamin A 29212.3.3.6 Vitamin B-Complex 29312.4 Before Nutraceuticals 29412.5 Conclusion 295Acknowledgement 295References 295Index 301