Discourse Analysis

BARBARA JOHNSTONE is Professor Emeritus of Rhetoric and Linguistics at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research is at the intersection of rhetoric, linguistics, and critical theory. She is interested in how the relationships between individuals and communities are created and maintained through discourse. JENNIFER ANDRUS is Professor of Writing and Rhetoric Studies at the University of Utah, where she teaches courses on discourse analysis, legal rhetoric, and rhetorical theory. She is a founding board member of Fight Against Domestic Violence and the author of numerous articles and two books.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xiiPreface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 What Is Discourse Analysis? 11.1.1 “Discourse” 21.1.2 “Analysis” 31.2 Some Uses of Discourse Analysis 51.2.1 Discourse Analysis in Linguistic Research 51.2.2 Discourse Analysis in Other Disciplines 61.2.3 From Text Outward 61.3 Facets of Discourse Analysis 71.3.1 A Heuristic for Analysis 81.3.2 Texts and Interpretations of Texts are Shaped by the World, and They Shape the World 91.3.3 Discourse Is Shaped by Purpose and Discourse Shapes Possible Purposes 111.3.4 Discourse Is Shaped by the Possibilities and Limitations of Language, and Discourse Shapes Language 121.3.5 Discourse Is Shaped by Interpersonal Relations, and Discourse Helps to Shape Interpersonal Relations 141.3.6 Discourse Is Shaped by Expectations Created by Familiar Discourse, and New Instances of Discourse Help to Shape Our Expectations about What Future Discourse Will Be Like and How It Should Be Interpreted 151.3.7 Discourse Is Shaped by the Limitations and Possibilities of Its Media, and the Possibilities of Communications Media are Shaped by Their Uses in Discourse 161.4 Texts, Transcripts, and Corpora: Data for Discourse Analysis 171.4.1 Corpus Analysis 191.4.2 Transcription: Representing Speech in Writing 191.4.3 “Descriptive” and “Critical” Goals 241.5 Locations of Meaning 261.6 Discourse as Strategy, Discourse as Adaptation 281.7 Language and Languaging 301.8 Particularity, Theory, and Method 311.9 Chapter Summary 33Further Reading 342 Discourse and World 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Linguistic Categories and Worldviews 382.3 Discourse, Culture, and Ideology 442.3.1 Metaphor and Conceptual Frames 462.3.2 Poetics, Grammar, and Culture: Parallelism and Text Metricality 492.3.3 Critical Discourse Analysis 532.3.3.1 Representing Actions, Actors, and Events 542.3.3.2 Evaluating: Affect, Judgment, Appreciation, Graduation 562.3.3.3 Representing Knowledge Status: Evidentiality 572.3.3.4 Naming and Wording 592.3.3.5 Representing Other Voices: Heteroglossia and Appropriation 602.3.3.6 Collocation and Semantic Preference: Cumulative Effects of Text-level Choices 622.3.4 Legitimation and Truth 672.4 Language Ideology 712.5 Silence 742.6 Chapter Summary 77Further Reading 783 Intention and Interpretation 803.1 Introduction 803.2 Speech Acts, Conversational Implicature, and Relevance Theory 813.3 Contextualization Cues and Discourse Marking 873.4 Rhetorical Aims, Strategies, and Styles 933.5 Verbal Art and Performance 1023.6 Chapter Summary 105Further Reading 1054 Discourse Structure: Parts and Sequences 1074.1 Introduction 1074.2 Words and Lines 1094.3 Old and New Information and the Organization of Sentences 1154.4 Cohesion 1194.5 Paragraphs and Episodes 1254.6 Discourse Schemata and the Structure of Narrative 1274.7 The Emergent Organization of Conversation 1364.8 Structures and Rules 1454.9 Chapter Summary 147Further Reading 1485 Participants in Discourse: Relationships, Roles, Identities 1495.1 Introduction 1495.2 Audience, Politeness, and Accommodation 1505.3 Power and Solidarity 1555.4 Indexicality 1605.5 Social Roles and Participant Frameworks 1625.6 Performances of Identity 1675.6.1 Gender and Sexual Identity in Discourse 1695.6.2 Race and Racialization in Discourse 1705.6.3 Performing Place Identity 1705.7 Stance and Style 1725.8 Personal Identity: Discourse and the Self 1795.9 The Linguistic Individual in Discourse 1815.10 Chapter Summary 183Further Reading 1846 Prior Texts, Prior Discourses 1866.1 Introduction 1866.2 Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity 1876.3 Repetition in Conversation 1946.4 Situational Registers 1996.5 Enregisterment 2046.6 Genre: Recurrent Forms in Recurrent Actions 2056.7 Frames, Plots, and Coherence 2106.8 Chapter Summary 213Further Reading 2157 Discourse and Medium 2167.1 Introduction 2167.2 Writing and Speaking 2177.2.1 Early Research About “Orality and Literacy” 2177.2.2 Literacy and Literacies 2217.3 Mediation: Communication and Technology 2267.3.1 Medium and Discourse Form 2297.3.2 Medium and Discourse Processing: Fixity, Fluidity, And Coherence 2337.3.3 Medium and Interpersonal Relations 2377.3.4 Medium, Expertise, and Knowledge-making 2407.4 Analyzing Multimodal Discourse 2427.4.1 Speech and the Body 2427.4.2 Writing and Seeing 2477.4.2.1 What Writing Looks Like 2487.4.2.2 Reading Images 2507.4.2.3 Words and Images 2557.5 Chapter Summary 259Further Reading 260Glossary 261References 267Index 295