Handbook of Inoculation Theory and Practice

Bobi Ivanov is a Professor of Advertising in the College of Journalism and Communications at the University of Florida. His research focuses on social influence, persuasion, and resistance, with an emphasis on inoculation theory, strategic message design, advertising, and risk communication. He has published extensively in leading journals and contributed to advancing inoculation scholarship across multiple domains. Kimberly A. Parker is a Professor in the University of Kentucky College of Communication and Information. A former Fulbright Scholar, she studies social influence, persuasive communication, and resistance, with a focus on promoting positive social change. With 25 years of nonprofit collaboration experience, Dr. Parker has published widely and applies her expertise to both academic and applied contexts. Josh Compton is Professor of Speech at Dartmouth College. Internationally recognized for his expertise on inoculation theory, he has studied the field for more than two decades, publishing influential work that has sparked conversations among groups as varied as NATO, the U.S. Department of Defense, healthcare professionals, and medievalists.

• Notes on Contributors xiAcknowledgements xviiiIntroduction to Inoculation Theory and Strategy 1Bobi Ivanov, Kimberly A. Parker, and Josh ComptonPart 1 Theory1 Origins of Inoculation Theory 15John A. Banas and Elena Bessarabova2 Threat 29Josh Compton3 Inoculation Theory and Counterarguing 43John A. Banas and Elena Bessarabova4 Inoculation Theory Then and Now: Extending the Boundaries of Theory and Practice 57Alicia M. Mason Copyrighted Material5 Beyond Threat and Counterarguing: A Consideration of Additional Inoculation Theory Mechanisms 69Shelley L. Wigley and Michel M. Haigh6 The Nature of Resistance: Mechanisms in Inoculation Theory vis- à- vis Alternative Theories/Models 83Lijiang Shen7 Exploring the Interplay of Temporal Factors and Resistance Within Inoculation Theory 97Jacob J. Matig8 Persuasive Inoculation Message Design Features: Style, Language, Content, and Structure 109Bobi Ivanov and Lindsay L. Dillingham9 Inoculation: Length and Modality 123Sarah A. Geegan and Kimberly A. Parker10 (Mis)Matching in Inoculation: The Impact of Composition, Strength, Structure, and Modality Between and Within Established Positions and Messages 137Bobi Ivanov and Amanda R. Slone11 The Use of Humor and Narratives in the Inoculation Process 151Juliana L. Barbati12 Affect, Motivation, and Resistance in Inoculation 165Claude H. Miller13 After Inoculation: Persuasive Attack as the Understudied Second Pillar 179Lindsay L. DillinghamPart 2 Inoculation Theory Study, Design, Measurement, Analysis, and Application14 Inoculation Study Designs, Methods, and Procedures 193Stephen A. Rains15 Best Practices for Modeling the Inoculation Process 207Adam S. Richards16 Inoculation Message Design and Strategic Application 223Bobi IvanovPart 3 Strategic Contextual (Practical) Application17 Consumer Inoculation: The Inoculation Paradigm at the Consumer- Organization Interface 239Yufei Qiu and Sven Mikolon18 Public Relations and Corporate Image: Leveraging Inoculation to Build Trust, Foster Relationships, and Navigate Reputational Crisis 251Sarah A. Geegan, Danielle E. Jaffe, and Ansley M. George19 Inoculation Theory and Politics 265Wayne Wei- Kuo Lin, Josh Compton, and Bobi Ivanov20 Preventing Violence Through Inoculation: Strategic Counter- Messaging to Undermine Beliefs and Attitudes that Justify Harm 279Kurt Braddock21 Inoculation Strategy for the Promotion of Healthy and the Prevention of Risky Behaviors 293Kimberly A. Parker and Sarah A. Geegan22 Inoculation Against Misinformation: Theoretical and Practical Implications 307Rakoen Maertens, Jon Roozenbeek, and Sander van der Linden23 Inoculation Theory at the Intersection of Disasters and Catastrophes 321Christine Gilbert, Kenneth Lachlan, and Patric R. Spence24 Inoculation Theory, Family, and Interpersonal Relationships 333Josh Compton25 Inoculation Theory and the Media 345Anne Amegbeha Amissah, Fidelis Y. Sesenu, and Kimberly A. Parker26 Inoculation and Culture 359Elena Bessarabova, Neil Talbert, Emmanuel Odunfa, Marisa Penkauskas, and Maleeha Shahid27 Inoculation Theory and Legal Communication 371Josh Compton and Peter Reilly28 Inoculation in Education, Instruction, and Training Contexts 385Amanda R. Slone29 Inoculation Theory and Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity 399Kaila Putter, Timothy Budden, James Dimmock, and Luke Tomlin30 Inoculation in Organizations, the Workplace, and Small Groups: Current and Future Directions 411Samantha N. Pfeiffer and Kimberly A. Parker31 Inoculation Theory and the Communication of Scientific Findings 423William J. Burns and Timothy L. Sellnow32 Inoculation Theory and Public Policy 435Jiawei Liu, Yiwei Xu, and Jeff Niederdeppe33 Additional Issues and Topics in Inoculation Theory Research 447Josh ComptonConclusion: Lessons Learned and the Future of Inoculation Theory, Research, and Strategy 461Bobi Ivanov, Kimberly A. Parker, and Josh ComptonIndex 483