Ram Sevak Singh, PhD is a senior associate professor in the Department of Physics at O.P. Jindal University with over 10 years of research experience. He has published over 40 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include materials science and nanotechnology, surface science, and computational materials science. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia with over 18 years of research experience. He has published numerous research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and several book chapters. Additionally, he has edited several books and serves as a reviewer for over 60 internationally reputed journals. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of various polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including organic, inorganic, and metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D materials such as graphene and its derivatives, and MXenes for various applications. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and a prolific author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.

• Preface xix1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 11.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 21.3 MXenes 31.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride 31.5 Black Phosphorus 31.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides 41.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks 41.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks 41.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 51.10 Layered Silicates 51.11 Graphdiyne 61.12 Silicene and Germanene 61.13 2D Pnictogens 62 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar2.1 Introduction 102.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials 122.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials 152.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 192.5 Conclusion 263 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri3.1 Introduction 343.2 2D Material Synthesis 353.3 Characterization of 2D Materials 423.4 Applications of 2D Materials 433.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 454 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L.4.1 Introduction 524.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM 534.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM 564.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 574.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 684.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization 704.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 745 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik5.1 Introduction 815.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 845.3 Electrical Conductivity 845.4 Large Surface Area 855.5 Thermal Properties 855.6 Mechanical Strength 865.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors 865.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation 925.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 935.10 Challenges and Future Directions 965.11 Conclusion 966 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs 1046.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging 1066.4 Bioimaging 1126.5 Conclusion 1157 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu7.1 Introduction 1217.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous 1227.3 Biosensing 1237.4 Imaging 1367.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 1378 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Types of TMOs 1458.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs 1468.4 Biosensing 1498.5 Bioimaging 1548.6 Conclusions and Prospects 1589 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai9.1 Introduction 1669.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs 1689.3 Types of Biosensors 1729.4 Applications 1739.5 Bioimaging Applications 1789.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 18110 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das10.1 Introduction 18610.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 18710.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization 19010.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 19610.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications 19810.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications 19910.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications 20210.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20311 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor 21611.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging 21611.4 Conclusion 23912 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 24712.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 25612.4 Conclusion 26213 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika13.1 Introduction 26913.2 Synthesis of Mxenes 27213.3 Properties of MXenes 27913.4 Applications 28413.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks 29114 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta14.1 Introduction 30214.2 Types of Layered Silicates 30414.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites 30714.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates 30914.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites 30914.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates 31114.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging 31214.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates 31314.9 Surface Modification 31314.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules 31414.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier 31514.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates 31514.13 Conclusion 31915 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera15.1 Introduction 32315.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne 32515.3 Biosensing Applications 32815.4 Bioimaging Applications 33415.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions 33916 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand16.1 Introduction 34716.2 Group IV Elements 34816.3 Physical Properties 35416.4 Chemical Properties 35516.5 Biosensor 35616.6 Bioimaging 35916.7 Limitations 36716.8 Conclusion 36717 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand17.1 Introduction 37617.2 2D Materials 37717.3 Pnictogens 37717.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen 37817.5 Properties of Pnictogens 37917.6 Production Methods 38217.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors 38817.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field 39017.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques 39617.10 Toxicity 40217.11 Conclusion 40318 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi18.1 Introduction 41518.2 2D Nanomaterials 41718.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials 42018.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing 42318.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 43018.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 44019 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand19.1 Introduction 45019.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 45119.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 45219.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors 46219.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors 46319.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications 46319.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing 46419.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing 46519.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing 46719.10 Conclusion 46820 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh20.1 Introduction 48120.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostructure-Based 2D Nanomaterials 48420.3 2D Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing Application 48620.4 Mxene-Based Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing 48920.5 Significance of Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that are Based on Heterostructures Nanomaterial 49020.6 Sensitivity-Enhancement Employing a Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure and Zinc Oxide as the Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor 49120.7 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Imaging 49320.8 Biomedical Application 50120.9 Conclusion and Prospects 50321 Modeling and Simulations of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 511Monika Srivastava and Anurag Srivastava21.1 Modeling and Simulations 51121.2 Classification of Two-Dimensional Materials 51421.3 Surface Engineering of 2D Materials 51821.4 Modeling and Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 52021.5 Applications of 2D Materials 52321.6 2D Nanomaterials as Biosensors 52321.7 Challenges 52721.8 Potential Future Outlook 52821.9 Conclusion 52922 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, Legal and Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 535Shikha Gulati, Lakshita Chhabra and Anoushka Amar22.1 Introduction 53522.2 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterials 53622.3 Biodegradability of 2D Nanomaterials 53822.4 Layered 2D Nanomaterials 53822.5 Toxicity Evaluation of 2D Nanomaterials 54022.6 Interaction of 2D Nanomaterials with the Environment 54422.7 Legal and Bio-Medical Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 54522.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 548References 549Index 553

Ram Sevak Singh, PhD is a senior associate professor in the Department of Physics at O.P. Jindal University with over 10 years of research experience. He has published over 40 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include materials science and nanotechnology, surface science, and computational materials science. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia with over 18 years of research experience. He has published numerous research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and several book chapters. Additionally, he has edited several books and serves as a reviewer for over 60 internationally reputed journals. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of various polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including organic, inorganic, and metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D materials such as graphene and its derivatives, and MXenes for various applications. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and a prolific author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.

• Preface xix1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 11.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 21.3 MXenes 31.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride 31.5 Black Phosphorus 31.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides 41.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks 41.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks 41.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 51.10 Layered Silicates 51.11 Graphdiyne 61.12 Silicene and Germanene 61.13 2D Pnictogens 62 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar2.1 Introduction 102.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials 122.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials 152.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 192.5 Conclusion 263 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri3.1 Introduction 343.2 2D Material Synthesis 353.3 Characterization of 2D Materials 423.4 Applications of 2D Materials 433.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 454 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L.4.1 Introduction 524.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM 534.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM 564.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 574.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 684.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization 704.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 745 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik5.1 Introduction 815.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 845.3 Electrical Conductivity 845.4 Large Surface Area 855.5 Thermal Properties 855.6 Mechanical Strength 865.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors 865.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation 925.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 935.10 Challenges and Future Directions 965.11 Conclusion 966 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs 1046.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging 1066.4 Bioimaging 1126.5 Conclusion 1157 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu7.1 Introduction 1217.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous 1227.3 Biosensing 1237.4 Imaging 1367.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 1378 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Types of TMOs 1458.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs 1468.4 Biosensing 1498.5 Bioimaging 1548.6 Conclusions and Prospects 1589 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai9.1 Introduction 1669.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs 1689.3 Types of Biosensors 1729.4 Applications 1739.5 Bioimaging Applications 1789.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 18110 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das10.1 Introduction 18610.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 18710.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization 19010.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 19610.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications 19810.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications 19910.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications 20210.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20311 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor 21611.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging 21611.4 Conclusion 23912 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 24712.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 25612.4 Conclusion 26213 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika13.1 Introduction 26913.2 Synthesis of Mxenes 27213.3 Properties of MXenes 27913.4 Applications 28413.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks 29114 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta14.1 Introduction 30214.2 Types of Layered Silicates 30414.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites 30714.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates 30914.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites 30914.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates 31114.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging 31214.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates 31314.9 Surface Modification 31314.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules 31414.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier 31514.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates 31514.13 Conclusion 31915 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera15.1 Introduction 32315.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne 32515.3 Biosensing Applications 32815.4 Bioimaging Applications 33415.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions 33916 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand16.1 Introduction 34716.2 Group IV Elements 34816.3 Physical Properties 35416.4 Chemical Properties 35516.5 Biosensor 35616.6 Bioimaging 35916.7 Limitations 36716.8 Conclusion 36717 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand17.1 Introduction 37617.2 2D Materials 37717.3 Pnictogens 37717.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen 37817.5 Properties of Pnictogens 37917.6 Production Methods 38217.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors 38817.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field 39017.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques 39617.10 Toxicity 40217.11 Conclusion 40318 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi18.1 Introduction 41518.2 2D Nanomaterials 41718.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials 42018.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing 42318.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 43018.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 44019 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand19.1 Introduction 45019.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 45119.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 45219.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors 46219.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors 46319.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications 46319.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing 46419.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing 46519.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing 46719.10 Conclusion 46820 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh20.1 Introduction 48120.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostructure-Based 2D Nanomaterials 48420.3 2D Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing Application 48620.4 Mxene-Based Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing 48920.5 Significance of Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that are Based on Heterostructures Nanomaterial 49020.6 Sensitivity-Enhancement Employing a Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure and Zinc Oxide as the Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor 49120.7 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Imaging 49320.8 Biomedical Application 50120.9 Conclusion and Prospects 50321 Modeling and Simulations of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 511Monika Srivastava and Anurag Srivastava21.1 Modeling and Simulations 51121.2 Classification of Two-Dimensional Materials 51421.3 Surface Engineering of 2D Materials 51821.4 Modeling and Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 52021.5 Applications of 2D Materials 52321.6 2D Nanomaterials as Biosensors 52321.7 Challenges 52721.8 Potential Future Outlook 52821.9 Conclusion 52922 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, Legal and Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 535Shikha Gulati, Lakshita Chhabra and Anoushka Amar22.1 Introduction 53522.2 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterials 53622.3 Biodegradability of 2D Nanomaterials 53822.4 Layered 2D Nanomaterials 53822.5 Toxicity Evaluation of 2D Nanomaterials 54022.6 Interaction of 2D Nanomaterials with the Environment 54422.7 Legal and Bio-Medical Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 54522.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 548References 549Index 553

Ram Sevak Singh, PhD is a senior associate professor in the Department of Physics at O.P. Jindal University with over 10 years of research experience. He has published over 40 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include materials science and nanotechnology, surface science, and computational materials science. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia with over 18 years of research experience. He has published numerous research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and several book chapters. Additionally, he has edited several books and serves as a reviewer for over 60 internationally reputed journals. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of various polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including organic, inorganic, and metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D materials such as graphene and its derivatives, and MXenes for various applications. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and a prolific author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.

• Preface xix1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 11.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 21.3 MXenes 31.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride 31.5 Black Phosphorus 31.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides 41.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks 41.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks 41.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 51.10 Layered Silicates 51.11 Graphdiyne 61.12 Silicene and Germanene 61.13 2D Pnictogens 62 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar2.1 Introduction 102.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials 122.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials 152.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 192.5 Conclusion 263 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri3.1 Introduction 343.2 2D Material Synthesis 353.3 Characterization of 2D Materials 423.4 Applications of 2D Materials 433.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 454 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L.4.1 Introduction 524.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM 534.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM 564.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 574.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 684.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization 704.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 745 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik5.1 Introduction 815.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 845.3 Electrical Conductivity 845.4 Large Surface Area 855.5 Thermal Properties 855.6 Mechanical Strength 865.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors 865.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation 925.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 935.10 Challenges and Future Directions 965.11 Conclusion 966 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs 1046.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging 1066.4 Bioimaging 1126.5 Conclusion 1157 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu7.1 Introduction 1217.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous 1227.3 Biosensing 1237.4 Imaging 1367.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 1378 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Types of TMOs 1458.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs 1468.4 Biosensing 1498.5 Bioimaging 1548.6 Conclusions and Prospects 1589 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai9.1 Introduction 1669.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs 1689.3 Types of Biosensors 1729.4 Applications 1739.5 Bioimaging Applications 1789.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 18110 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das10.1 Introduction 18610.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 18710.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization 19010.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 19610.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications 19810.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications 19910.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications 20210.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20311 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor 21611.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging 21611.4 Conclusion 23912 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 24712.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 25612.4 Conclusion 26213 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika13.1 Introduction 26913.2 Synthesis of Mxenes 27213.3 Properties of MXenes 27913.4 Applications 28413.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks 29114 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta14.1 Introduction 30214.2 Types of Layered Silicates 30414.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites 30714.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates 30914.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites 30914.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates 31114.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging 31214.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates 31314.9 Surface Modification 31314.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules 31414.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier 31514.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates 31514.13 Conclusion 31915 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera15.1 Introduction 32315.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne 32515.3 Biosensing Applications 32815.4 Bioimaging Applications 33415.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions 33916 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand16.1 Introduction 34716.2 Group IV Elements 34816.3 Physical Properties 35416.4 Chemical Properties 35516.5 Biosensor 35616.6 Bioimaging 35916.7 Limitations 36716.8 Conclusion 36717 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand17.1 Introduction 37617.2 2D Materials 37717.3 Pnictogens 37717.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen 37817.5 Properties of Pnictogens 37917.6 Production Methods 38217.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors 38817.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field 39017.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques 39617.10 Toxicity 40217.11 Conclusion 40318 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi18.1 Introduction 41518.2 2D Nanomaterials 41718.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials 42018.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing 42318.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 43018.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 44019 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand19.1 Introduction 45019.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 45119.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 45219.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors 46219.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors 46319.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications 46319.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing 46419.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing 46519.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing 46719.10 Conclusion 46820 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh20.1 Introduction 48120.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostructure-Based 2D Nanomaterials 48420.3 2D Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing Application 48620.4 Mxene-Based Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing 48920.5 Significance of Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that are Based on Heterostructures Nanomaterial 49020.6 Sensitivity-Enhancement Employing a Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure and Zinc Oxide as the Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor 49120.7 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Imaging 49320.8 Biomedical Application 50120.9 Conclusion and Prospects 50321 Modeling and Simulations of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 511Monika Srivastava and Anurag Srivastava21.1 Modeling and Simulations 51121.2 Classification of Two-Dimensional Materials 51421.3 Surface Engineering of 2D Materials 51821.4 Modeling and Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 52021.5 Applications of 2D Materials 52321.6 2D Nanomaterials as Biosensors 52321.7 Challenges 52721.8 Potential Future Outlook 52821.9 Conclusion 52922 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, Legal and Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 535Shikha Gulati, Lakshita Chhabra and Anoushka Amar22.1 Introduction 53522.2 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterials 53622.3 Biodegradability of 2D Nanomaterials 53822.4 Layered 2D Nanomaterials 53822.5 Toxicity Evaluation of 2D Nanomaterials 54022.6 Interaction of 2D Nanomaterials with the Environment 54422.7 Legal and Bio-Medical Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 54522.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 548References 549Index 553