Dr. Nishith D. Tripathi is a Research Associate Professor at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Tripathi has 24 years of industry experience at Nortel Networks, Huawei Technologies, Award Solutions, and Samsung Research America. He is a co-author of five books related to cellular communications, AI, 5G, and O-RAN. Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed is the Willis G Worcester Professor of Electrical Engineering at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Reed is co-author or co-editor of five textbooks and is on the editorial board for IEEE/Wiley Press. He is a fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to software defined radio, communications signal processing, and engineering education.

• About the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiiiAcronyms xxvAbout the Companion Website xxxv1 Introduction to a Non-Terrestrial Network 11.1 Non-Terrestrial Networks: The Definition 11.2 Simplified 3GPP NTN Architecture 21.3 Motivation for the NTN 31.4 An Overview of NTN Use Cases 41.5 3GPP NTN Roadmap 61.6 Role of the NTN in 6G 81.7 Major Takeaways 9References 102 Types of NTN Platforms 132.1 Types of NTN Platforms 132.2 Characteristics of Satellites 142.3 Characteristics of UASs of the NTN 162.4 Types of Beams 182.5 An Overview of Pre-5G Satellite Systems 202.6 Types of NTN Devices for the NTN 222.7 Trends in NTN Deployments 232.8 Major Takeaways 24References 253 Radio Interfaces of LTE-M, NB-IoT, and NR: A Concise Introduction 273.1 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technologies and 5G New Radio: A Concise Introduction 273.2 LTE-M: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 363.3 NB-IoT: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 533.4 5G: A 3GPP-Defined Transformational Technology 643.5 LTE-M and NB-IoT Enhancements Beyond Release 13 833.6 Major Takeaways 85References 864 Challenges of an NTN 874.1 An Overview of NTN-Specific Challenges 874.2 Long and Variable Propagation Delays 894.3 High and Variable Doppler Shifts 924.4 NTN Cell Size 944.5 NTN Cell Mobility 954.6 Type of Beams 954.7 Types of NTN Payloads 964.8 Propagation Path Loss 984.9 Long-Term Signal Strength Characteristics 984.10 Special Atmospheric Effects 994.11 Feeder Link Switch 1004.12 Noncontiguous/Noncontinuous Coverage 1014.13 3GPP Solutions to the NTN Challenges: A High-Level Overview 1024.14 Major Takeaways 102References 1035 NTN Architectures 1055.1 NTN Network Architectures in a Nutshell 1055.2 An NTN with a Transparent Payload 1065.3 An NTN Network Architecture with Regenerative Payloads 1095.4 Multi-connectivity NTNs 1115.5 An NTN with a Transparent Payload: A Closer Look 1165.6 Enhanced Tracking Area Management for an NTN 1175.7 Enhanced QoS for an NTN 1195.8 Optical Communication for an NTN 1195.9 Major Takeaways 120References 1216 RF Planning and Design Considerations for an NTN 1236.1 RF Planning and Design for an NTN: An Overview 1236.2 NTN Spectrum 1266.3 NTN Devices 1296.4 RF Propagation Models 1306.5 Framework for NTN Link Budgets 1366.6 NTN Capacity Planning 1466.7 3GPP-Estimated Link Budgets and Throughput for an NTN 1526.8 Major Takeaways 155References 1567 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in an NTN 1597.1 Overview of Pre-Data Transfer NTN Operations 1597.2 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in NR-NTN: A Closer Look 1627.3 Selected Operations in IoT-NTN: A Closer Look 1847.4 Major Takeaways 205References 2078 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer in an NTN 2098.1 Characteristics of Data Transfer in an NTN: An Overview 2098.2 Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 2118.3 Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 2228.4 Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 2308.5 Major Takeaways 236References 2379 Mobility Management in an NTN 2399.1 RRC States and Mobility Management in a TN and an NTN 2399.2 Mobility Challenges in the NTN and Associated Solutions 2419.3 Mobility Management in the NR-NTN 2429.4 Mobility Management in the LTE-M NTN 2539.5 Mobility Management in the NB-IoT NTN 2599.6 Feeder Link Switchover in the NTN 2609.7 Discontinuous Coverage in the NR-NTN or IoT-NTN 2619.8 Major Takeaways 261References 26310 Evolution of the NTN in 5G-Advanced and 6G 26510.1 Evolution of the NTN 26510.2 NTN Enhancements in Release 19 26610.3 NTN and 6G 26810.4 O-RAN-Based NTN Deployments 29910.5 NTN Research Directions 30110.6 Major Takeaways 303References 304Index 307

Dr. Nishith D. Tripathi is a Research Associate Professor at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Tripathi has 24 years of industry experience at Nortel Networks, Huawei Technologies, Award Solutions, and Samsung Research America. He is a co-author of five books related to cellular communications, AI, 5G, and O-RAN. Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed is the Willis G Worcester Professor of Electrical Engineering at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Reed is co-author or co-editor of five textbooks and is on the editorial board for IEEE/Wiley Press. He is a fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to software defined radio, communications signal processing, and engineering education.

• About the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiiiAcronyms xxvAbout the Companion Website xxxv1 Introduction to a Non-Terrestrial Network 11.1 Non-Terrestrial Networks: The Definition 11.2 Simplified 3GPP NTN Architecture 21.3 Motivation for the NTN 31.4 An Overview of NTN Use Cases 41.5 3GPP NTN Roadmap 61.6 Role of the NTN in 6G 81.7 Major Takeaways 9References 102 Types of NTN Platforms 132.1 Types of NTN Platforms 132.2 Characteristics of Satellites 142.3 Characteristics of UASs of the NTN 162.4 Types of Beams 182.5 An Overview of Pre-5G Satellite Systems 202.6 Types of NTN Devices for the NTN 222.7 Trends in NTN Deployments 232.8 Major Takeaways 24References 253 Radio Interfaces of LTE-M, NB-IoT, and NR: A Concise Introduction 273.1 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technologies and 5G New Radio: A Concise Introduction 273.2 LTE-M: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 363.3 NB-IoT: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 533.4 5G: A 3GPP-Defined Transformational Technology 643.5 LTE-M and NB-IoT Enhancements Beyond Release 13 833.6 Major Takeaways 85References 864 Challenges of an NTN 874.1 An Overview of NTN-Specific Challenges 874.2 Long and Variable Propagation Delays 894.3 High and Variable Doppler Shifts 924.4 NTN Cell Size 944.5 NTN Cell Mobility 954.6 Type of Beams 954.7 Types of NTN Payloads 964.8 Propagation Path Loss 984.9 Long-Term Signal Strength Characteristics 984.10 Special Atmospheric Effects 994.11 Feeder Link Switch 1004.12 Noncontiguous/Noncontinuous Coverage 1014.13 3GPP Solutions to the NTN Challenges: A High-Level Overview 1024.14 Major Takeaways 102References 1035 NTN Architectures 1055.1 NTN Network Architectures in a Nutshell 1055.2 An NTN with a Transparent Payload 1065.3 An NTN Network Architecture with Regenerative Payloads 1095.4 Multi-connectivity NTNs 1115.5 An NTN with a Transparent Payload: A Closer Look 1165.6 Enhanced Tracking Area Management for an NTN 1175.7 Enhanced QoS for an NTN 1195.8 Optical Communication for an NTN 1195.9 Major Takeaways 120References 1216 RF Planning and Design Considerations for an NTN 1236.1 RF Planning and Design for an NTN: An Overview 1236.2 NTN Spectrum 1266.3 NTN Devices 1296.4 RF Propagation Models 1306.5 Framework for NTN Link Budgets 1366.6 NTN Capacity Planning 1466.7 3GPP-Estimated Link Budgets and Throughput for an NTN 1526.8 Major Takeaways 155References 1567 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in an NTN 1597.1 Overview of Pre-Data Transfer NTN Operations 1597.2 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in NR-NTN: A Closer Look 1627.3 Selected Operations in IoT-NTN: A Closer Look 1847.4 Major Takeaways 205References 2078 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer in an NTN 2098.1 Characteristics of Data Transfer in an NTN: An Overview 2098.2 Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 2118.3 Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 2228.4 Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 2308.5 Major Takeaways 236References 2379 Mobility Management in an NTN 2399.1 RRC States and Mobility Management in a TN and an NTN 2399.2 Mobility Challenges in the NTN and Associated Solutions 2419.3 Mobility Management in the NR-NTN 2429.4 Mobility Management in the LTE-M NTN 2539.5 Mobility Management in the NB-IoT NTN 2599.6 Feeder Link Switchover in the NTN 2609.7 Discontinuous Coverage in the NR-NTN or IoT-NTN 2619.8 Major Takeaways 261References 26310 Evolution of the NTN in 5G-Advanced and 6G 26510.1 Evolution of the NTN 26510.2 NTN Enhancements in Release 19 26610.3 NTN and 6G 26810.4 O-RAN-Based NTN Deployments 29910.5 NTN Research Directions 30110.6 Major Takeaways 303References 304Index 307

Dr. Nishith D. Tripathi is a Research Associate Professor at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Tripathi has 24 years of industry experience at Nortel Networks, Huawei Technologies, Award Solutions, and Samsung Research America. He is a co-author of five books related to cellular communications, AI, 5G, and O-RAN. Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed is the Willis G Worcester Professor of Electrical Engineering at Virginia Tech, USA. Dr. Reed is co-author or co-editor of five textbooks and is on the editorial board for IEEE/Wiley Press. He is a fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to software defined radio, communications signal processing, and engineering education.

• About the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiiiAcronyms xxvAbout the Companion Website xxxv1 Introduction to a Non-Terrestrial Network 11.1 Non-Terrestrial Networks: The Definition 11.2 Simplified 3GPP NTN Architecture 21.3 Motivation for the NTN 31.4 An Overview of NTN Use Cases 41.5 3GPP NTN Roadmap 61.6 Role of the NTN in 6G 81.7 Major Takeaways 9References 102 Types of NTN Platforms 132.1 Types of NTN Platforms 132.2 Characteristics of Satellites 142.3 Characteristics of UASs of the NTN 162.4 Types of Beams 182.5 An Overview of Pre-5G Satellite Systems 202.6 Types of NTN Devices for the NTN 222.7 Trends in NTN Deployments 232.8 Major Takeaways 24References 253 Radio Interfaces of LTE-M, NB-IoT, and NR: A Concise Introduction 273.1 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technologies and 5G New Radio: A Concise Introduction 273.2 LTE-M: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 363.3 NB-IoT: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 533.4 5G: A 3GPP-Defined Transformational Technology 643.5 LTE-M and NB-IoT Enhancements Beyond Release 13 833.6 Major Takeaways 85References 864 Challenges of an NTN 874.1 An Overview of NTN-Specific Challenges 874.2 Long and Variable Propagation Delays 894.3 High and Variable Doppler Shifts 924.4 NTN Cell Size 944.5 NTN Cell Mobility 954.6 Type of Beams 954.7 Types of NTN Payloads 964.8 Propagation Path Loss 984.9 Long-Term Signal Strength Characteristics 984.10 Special Atmospheric Effects 994.11 Feeder Link Switch 1004.12 Noncontiguous/Noncontinuous Coverage 1014.13 3GPP Solutions to the NTN Challenges: A High-Level Overview 1024.14 Major Takeaways 102References 1035 NTN Architectures 1055.1 NTN Network Architectures in a Nutshell 1055.2 An NTN with a Transparent Payload 1065.3 An NTN Network Architecture with Regenerative Payloads 1095.4 Multi-connectivity NTNs 1115.5 An NTN with a Transparent Payload: A Closer Look 1165.6 Enhanced Tracking Area Management for an NTN 1175.7 Enhanced QoS for an NTN 1195.8 Optical Communication for an NTN 1195.9 Major Takeaways 120References 1216 RF Planning and Design Considerations for an NTN 1236.1 RF Planning and Design for an NTN: An Overview 1236.2 NTN Spectrum 1266.3 NTN Devices 1296.4 RF Propagation Models 1306.5 Framework for NTN Link Budgets 1366.6 NTN Capacity Planning 1466.7 3GPP-Estimated Link Budgets and Throughput for an NTN 1526.8 Major Takeaways 155References 1567 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in an NTN 1597.1 Overview of Pre-Data Transfer NTN Operations 1597.2 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in NR-NTN: A Closer Look 1627.3 Selected Operations in IoT-NTN: A Closer Look 1847.4 Major Takeaways 205References 2078 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer in an NTN 2098.1 Characteristics of Data Transfer in an NTN: An Overview 2098.2 Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 2118.3 Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 2228.4 Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 2308.5 Major Takeaways 236References 2379 Mobility Management in an NTN 2399.1 RRC States and Mobility Management in a TN and an NTN 2399.2 Mobility Challenges in the NTN and Associated Solutions 2419.3 Mobility Management in the NR-NTN 2429.4 Mobility Management in the LTE-M NTN 2539.5 Mobility Management in the NB-IoT NTN 2599.6 Feeder Link Switchover in the NTN 2609.7 Discontinuous Coverage in the NR-NTN or IoT-NTN 2619.8 Major Takeaways 261References 26310 Evolution of the NTN in 5G-Advanced and 6G 26510.1 Evolution of the NTN 26510.2 NTN Enhancements in Release 19 26610.3 NTN and 6G 26810.4 O-RAN-Based NTN Deployments 29910.5 NTN Research Directions 30110.6 Major Takeaways 303References 304Index 307