Jeffrey H. Reed - Böcker

Even as newer cellular technologies and standards emerge, many of the fundamental principles and the components of the cellular network remain the same. Presenting a simple yet comprehensive view of cellular communications technologies, Cellular Communications provides an end-to-end perspective of cellular operations, ranging from physical layer details to call set-up and from the radio network to the core network. This self-contained source for practitioners and students represents a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of cellular communications and the landscape of commercially deployed 2G and 3G technologies and provides a glimpse of emerging 4G technologies.

th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he 10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14 16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc., Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc. , Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In 1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.

This title addresses the critical issue of radio resource management in emerging (i.e., third generation and beyond) wireless systems. It presents novel approaches for the design of high performance handoff algorithms that exploit attractive features of several existing algorithms, provide adaptation to dynamic cellular environment, and allow systematic tradeoffs among different system characteristics. Efficient handoff algorithms cost-effectively enhance the capacity and quality of service (QoS) of cellular systems. A comprehensive foundation of handoff and related issues of cellular communications is given. Tutorial-type material on the general features of 3G and 3.5G wireless systems (including CDMA2000, UMTS, and 1xEV-DO) is provided. Key elements for the development of simulators to study handoff and overall RF performance of the integrated voice and data cellular systems (including those based on CDMA) are also described. Finally, the powerful design tools of neural networks and fuzzy logic are applied to wireless communications, so that the generic algorithm approaches proposed in the book can be applied to many other design and development areas.The simulation models described in the book represent a single source that provides information for the performance evaluation of systems from handoff and resource management perspectives. "Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems" should prove a valuable resource for system designers and practicing engineers working on design and development of third generation (and beyond) wireless systems. It may also be used as a text for advanced-level courses in wireless communications and neural networks.

This work presents a range of topics in wireless communications, including perspectives from both industry and academia. The book serves as a reflection of emerging technologies in wireless communications and features papers from well-known authors on the subject. It is divided into six sections. The first five of these cover the following topics: propagation and channel modelling (4 papers); antennas (6 papers); multiuser detection (3 papers); radio systems and technology (4 papers); and wireless data (3 papers). The last section contains papers on areas of significant interest. The text should be useful as a reference source for graduate students, postgraduate researchers, academics and anyone working in the research aspect of the wireless communications industry.

This text presents a broad range of topics in wireless communications, including perspectives from both industry and academia. The book serves as a reflection of late-1990s research thrusts in wireless communications, an area which continues to grow as the industry strives to provide a wider range of services with greater reliability and at lower cost. The book is organized into four sections. Section I focuses on propagation and smart antennas with emphasis on measurements, modelling and simulation. Section 2 is devoted to the subject of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems with coverage of bit error rate calculations, interference cancellation, frequency estimators and acquisition schemes. Section 3 covers networking and multiple-access issues such as mobility tracking, Markov analysis of random access protocols, and the design and development of a prototype system to access Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites.Section 4 presents software radio technologies, including wideband software-definable base station technology, space-borne processing technology for mobile communications systems, filter design, universal cordless telephone transceivers using DSP, a method for predicting nonlinearities for an RF power amplifier, MAP symbol detection of CPM bursts, and unification of MLSE receivers. The volume should serve as a useful reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation, InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth section.The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper, Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch,M. J.

"Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges" presents a wide range of current research activities in wireless communications, reflecting the rapid growth and maturity of the wireless industry. Although overcoming the propagation characteristics of the wireless channel will remain the unique problem confronted by wireless system designers, a plethora of innovative techniques for equalization and interference rejection have emerged. New applications of wireless systems have also been proposed and implemented, ranging from high data rate paging to video transmission. Research in code division multiple access (CDMA) has begun to move from performance evaluation to system design. Research also continues on a broad range of simulation, coding and multiple access techniques. As the wireless community has expanded, there has been a need to draw upon expertise in seemingly disjoint disciplines such as semiconductor design and fabrication, and human factors.In this book, the large number of chapters with multiple authors and from multiple institutions is indicative of the collaborative nature of wireless research, necessitated by the increasing complexity and breadth of wireless systems. This text is organized into five sections, each focusing on a distinct set of issues in wireless communications. It should be a useful reference and may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless communications.

Technology advances and new frequency allocations for personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous business and technical opportunities. An important requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a principal focus of this book. It places particular emphasis on the areas of signal processing, propagation and spread spectrum, and emerging communication systems. It also contains new results on adaptive antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on recent technical developments. Also included are several chapters which discuss the impact of defence conversion on the wireless industry, and related competitive issues.The first part of the book contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless communications; the second focuses on digital signal processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference and multipath robust communications; the third concerns propagation aspects of wireless communications; the fourth discusses the performance of emerging wireless systems; and the fifth describes the opportunities and pitfalls of defence conversion from the perspective of several US defence firms that have successfully made the transition to commercial wireless.

Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub­ scriber units for an industry that is adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual­ ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book.

Presenting a broad range of topics in wireless communications, the majority of the chapters in this text are relevant to creating higher capacity (spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines, speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored channels. The text is organized into three sections. Section I covers novel wireless systems and hardware and focuses on adaptive arrays, wireless hardware methodology, and deployment guidelines for CDPD among other topics. Section II focuses on Code Division Multiple Access (CMDA) and DSP techniques, both of which are used to facilitate more efficient utilization of the spectrum under adverse channel conditions. This section includes techniques for mitigating interference and multipath. Section III deals with propagation and system design issues.Propagation measurements are presented and include results for the channel characteristics at the New York Mercantile Exchange with closely packed people and hostile electromagnetic interference, to measurements of concrete slabs.

Self-contained resource on fundamental concepts and the planning, provisionining, design, and operations of 3GPP-based NTNs 3GPP-based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G and 6G: Expanding the Frontiers of Wireless Communications provides an overview of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) in the context of 3GPP systems such as 4G LTE and 5G NR. Unique challenges of NTNs such as long and variable propagation delays, large and time-varying Doppler shifts, different types of beams including Earth-fixed beams, quasi-Earth-fixed beams, and Earth-moving beams and transparent and regenerative payloads are discussed. The mechanisms that 3GPP foresees to tackle these NTN-specific challenges are described and, furthermore, the planning, provisioning, design, and operations of the radio and core networks for NTNs are illustrated. NTN considerations in the book range from physical-layer aspects (e.g., synchronization, random access, and uplink and downlink data transmission), to mobility management including handover and cell reselection, and to network architecture. Fundamentals of the associated concepts of NR, eMTC (i.e., LTE_M), and NB-IoT are described so that their customizations for NTNs become clear in NTN-specific discussions. NTN features in 3GPP Release 17, 18, and 19 are described andhe role of NTN in 6G is also summarized. A companion website provides exercises to help learners to reinforce concepts, along with software utilities (e.g., Excel spreadsheets) that provide templates to investigate the impact of various factors (e.g., carrier frequency and channel bandwidth) on the performance of NTNs (e.g., coverage and capacity/throughput). 3GPP-based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G and 6G includes information on: Earth-fixed beams, Earth-moving beams, and quasi-Earth-fixed beams, as well as characteristics of Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) and Non-GSO (NGSO) satellites such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellitesChallenges unique to NTNs including large coverage areas, mobility of cells, and different types of payloads (e.g., transparent and regenerative)Issues surrounding data transfer in NTNs such as time and frequency pre-compensation, timers for different radio protocol stack layers, and HARQ enabling/disablingRandom access, RRC connection setup, registration/attach, and PDU session/EPS bearer setup for LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G NR3GPP-based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G and 6G is an essential resource for wireless communications and satellite industry engineers and professionals seeking to facilitate the design, provisioning, deployment, operations, maintenance, and optimization of 5G-based NTNs and identify R&D areas for 5G-advanced-based and 6G-based NTNs.

Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems is the first book to address the critical issue of radio resource management in emerging (i.e., third generation and beyond) wireless systems. This book presents novel approaches for the design of high performance handoff algorithms that exploit attractive features of several existing algorithms, provide adaptation to dynamic cellular environment, and allow systematic tradeoffs among different system characteristics. Efficient handoff algorithms cost-effectively enhance the capacity and quality of service (QoS) of cellular systems. A comprehensive foundation of handoff and related issues of cellular communications is given. Tutorial-type material on the general features of 3G and 3.5G wireless systems (including CDMA2000, UMTS, and 1xEV-DO) is provided. Key elements for the development of simulators to study handoff and overall RF performance of the integrated voice and data cellular systems (including those based on CDMA) are also described.Finally, the powerful design tools of neural networks and fuzzy logic are applied to wireless communications, so that the generic algorithm approaches proposed in the book can be applied to many other design and development areas. The simulation models described in the book represent a single source that provides information for the performance evaluation of systems from handoff and resource management perspectives. Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems will prove a valuable resource for system designers and practicing engineers working on design and development of third generation (and beyond) wireless systems. It may also be used as a text for advanced-level courses in wireless communications and neural networks.

The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest technical developments. Also included are several chapters which discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry, and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless communications.The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications, explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal communication services.

Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub­ scriber units for an industry that is adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual­ ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book.

"Well informed people know it is impossible to transmit the voice over wires, and that were it possible to do so, the thing would be ofno practical value. " from an editorial in the Boston Post -1865 Fortunately for the telecommunications industry, the unknown author of the above statement turned out to be very mistaken indeed. Even as he spoke, Alexander Graham Bell was achieving the impossible, with a host of competing inventors close behind. The communications revolution which ensued has changed the way in which we live and work, and the way in which we view the world around us. Wired telephone lines now encircle the globe, allowing instantaneous transmission of voice and data. Events from Times Square to Red Square are now as accessible as events on the local courthouse lawn. The advent of wireless communications has extended Bell's revolution to another domain. Personal communications promises voice, data and images which are accessible everywhere. Although predictions are dangerous, a look back over the last decade reveals spectacular growth. In the United States alone, there are now over 50 million cordless phones in use throughout the country -at least one cordless phone for every 3 households - and nearly 20 million pocket pagers. U. S. Cellular telephone service, launched commercially in 1984, has experienced 30-40% annual growth rates despite a sluggish economy.

Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub­ scriber units for an industry that is adding s\lbscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing for cellularlPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual­ ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book.

The wireless industry is growing at a phenomenal rate. Cellular subscribers are increasing at a rate of 45% per year, the market for wireless local loop service is growing at a rate of 42%, and the wireless local area network market is growing at a rate of 61 %. This growth and potential for future growth has motivated companies to commit $20 billion in obtaining 90 MHz of PCS spectrum during the recent FCC auctions in the United States. Obviously spectrum is a costly, but critical, resource. Efficient utilization of this resource is essential for profitable wireless service. To meet this challenge, researchers in wireless communications are tenaciously developing more spectrally efficient modulation techniques, planning tools for efficient communication system layout, and digital signal processing techniques for more robust communications. The papers and lectures presented in this book were originally given at the Sixth Annual Virginia Tech Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications and cover a broad range of topics in wireless communications. The majority of the papers are relevant to creating higher capacity (spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines, speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored channels.

th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation, InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth section.The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper, Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch,M. J.

th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he 10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14 16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc., Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc. , Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In 1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.