Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

Gopal Rawat, PhD is an assistant professor in the School of Computing and Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. He has published over 50 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals and conferences, one book chapter, and four patents. His research interests include semiconducting materials, device design and development, novel materials, and semiconductor devices. Gautam Patel, PhD works in the Department of Industrial Chemistry at the Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, CVM University, Nagar, Gujarat, India, with over seven years of experience. He has published one book, six chapters, three patents, and five research papers in international journals. His research interests include organic synthesis, green chemistry, nanosciences, and nanotechnology. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic, with over 15 years of research experience. He has published over 110 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 36 book chapters and edited several books. His research interests include synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including various nanoparticles and carbon allotropes such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivatives for energy storage, energy harvesting, gas sensing, EMI shielding, and high-k dielectric applications. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor, academic advisor, and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as author and editor of over 100 scientific monographs and books. His research focuses on the application of nanotechnology and advanced materials in environmental and analytical chemistry.

• Preface xixPart I: Synthesis, Characterizations and Surface Modification of Functionalized Nanomaterials 11 Functionalized Nanomaterials: Fundamentals, New Perspectives, and Emerging Research Trends in Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Fabrications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 3Sunil Kumar Baburao Mane, Naghma Shaishta and G. Manjunatha1.1 Introduction 41.2 Implementations of 0D NMs in Optoelectronics 61.3 Implementations of 1D NMs in Optoelectronics 111.4 Implementations of 2D NMs in Optoelectronics 151.5 Implementations of 3D NMs in Optoelectronics 231.6 Challenges and Future Perspective 261.7 Conclusion 28References 302 Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices 35G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, G. Helen Ruth Joice, N. Sandhya Rani and M. Malarvizhi2.1 Introduction 352.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 382.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Methodologies 432.4 Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices 522.5 Characterizations of Nanomaterials 572.6 Challenges and Future Outlook 592.7 Summary and Conclusion 60Acknowledgments 61References 613 Functionalization and Surface Modification of Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications 65Bhasha Sathyan and Jobin Cyriac3.1 Introduction 663.2 Nanomaterials: Exploring Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties 673.3 Importance of Functionalization 703.4 The Functionalization 713.5 Surface Functionalization-Induced Properties 793.6 Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 823.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 90Acknowledgment 91References 914 Structural and Electronic Transport Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials 101Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki4.1 Introduction 1024.2 Nanomaterials’ Crystal Geometry 1024.3 Electronic Structure of Nanomaterials 1204.4 Transport Properties of Nanomaterials 1234.5 Conclusion 127References 128Part II: Modeling and Simulations for Polymer Nanocomposites of Functionalized Nanomaterials 1335 Modeling and Simulations of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 135Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki5.1 Introduction 1365.2 Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Principles 1365.3 Methods for Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronic Device Modeling and Simulation 1425.4 Conclusion 159References 1596 Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 165Harish Kumar, Gaman Kumar, Rahul Sharma, Ankita Yadav, Rajni Kumari, Aarti Tundwal, Ankit Dhayal and Abhiruchi Yadav6.1 Introduction 1656.2 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposites 1676.3 Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 1686.4 Synthesis of rGO/Conducting Polymer–Based Nanocomposites 1686.5 Synthesis of Cellulose/Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide–Based Nanocomposites 1716.6 Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 1736.7 Future Perspectives of Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 1846.8 Conclusions 186Acknowledgments 187References 187Part III: Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials 1957 Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Thin-Film Transistors and Display Devices 197Vraj Shah, Ashish Choudhury, Yash Thakrar, Tushar Patil and Swapnil Dharaskar7.1 Introduction 1987.2 Fundamentals of Functionalized Nanomaterials 2007.3 Fabrication Techniques for Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based TFTs 2077.4 Characterization and Analysis of Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based TFTs 2147.5 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Advanced Display Technologies 2197.6 Challenges and Future Directions 2247.7 Conclusion 229References 2298 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Device Applications 235G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, A. Judith Jayarani, G. Mahalakshmi, R. Dhivya, R. Thenmozhi and M. Swetha8.1 Introduction 2358.2 Optoelectronic Devices 2378.3 Mechanisms of Optoelectronic Devices 2408.4 Functional Materials for Optoelectronic Devices 2438.5 Device Engineering of LED’s and Solar Cells 2498.6 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICS) 2508.7 Optocouplers 2528.8 Innovative Strategies to Improve Device Performances 2548.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook 256Future Outlooks 257Acknowledgments 257References 2589 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics 261Humira Assad, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Elyor Berdimurodov, Alok Kumar and Ashish KumarList of Abbreviations 2629.1 Introduction 2629.2 Nanostructured Materials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics 2659.3 Approaches for Integration and Processing of Nanomaterials 2739.4 Nanomaterials-Based Bioelectronics 2749.5 Prospects and Limitations 2799.6 Conclusion 281References 28210 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 289Naval V. Koralkar, Raj Kumar and Gautam Patel10.1 Introduction 28910.2 Principles of LIBs 29210.3 Nanomaterials for Li-Ion Battery Technology 29510.4 Nanomaterials with Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Anodes 30110.5 Nanomaterials Derived from Tin for Application in LIB 30410.6 Nanomaterials that are Composed of Metal Oxide and are Capable of Functioning as the Anode in LIB 30610.7 Summary 30810.8 Future Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Materials 309References 30911 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 315Shubham Mehta, Gautam Patel, Rohankumar Patel, Trilokkumar Akhani and Arvnabh Mishra11.1 Introduction 31611.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 32211.3 Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor and Hybrid Capacitor Electrodes 34311.4 Functionalization Strategies for Enhancing Electrode Performance 34711.5 Advanced Nanocomposite Materials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 35211.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 35611.7 Conclusion 357References 35712 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors 365Atefeh Nazary12.1 Introduction 36512.2 Classification of Chemoresistive Gas Sensors 36712.3 Classification of Materials for Chemoresistive Gas Sensors 37312.4 Conclusion 394References 39513 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices 405Sreelekshmi P. J., Devika V., Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Sandhya Sadanandan13.1 Introduction 40513.2 Diversity in Biosensors 40613.3 Fabrication Techniques Involved in the Functionalization of Nanomaterials 40913.4 Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices 41413.5 Biosensing Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials 41413.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 42713.6 Summary and Outlook 428References 42814 Targeted Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers Using Composite Nanomaterials 435Virender, Archana Chauhan, Priyanka, Ashwani Kumar, Pawan Kumar Sharma and Brij Mohan14.1 Introduction 43614.2 Techniques for Biosensing 43814.3 Electrochemical Biosensors in Cancer Detection 44414.4 Materials for CB Detection 44614.5 Nanomaterial Design and Development as Biosensors 44614.6 Working Insights into Biosensors 44714.7 Biosensing Tools 44714.8 Working Principles and Mechanisms 45014.9 Stability and Reusability 45314.10 Conductivity 45314.11 Key Findings, Challenges, and Conclusion 453References 45415 Functionalized Material–Based Flexible Biomedical Devices 461Sachin M. Shet, Dibyendu Mondal and S. K. NatarajAbbreviations 46215.1 Introduction 46215.2 Flexible Electronics 46315.3 Emerging Applications 47215.4 Summary and Conclusions 479References 48116 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Designing Nano/Micro Biologically Sensitive Field‐Effect Transistors (Bio-FETs) 491Archini Paruthi, Sooraj Sanjay and Navakanta Bhat16.1 Introduction 49116.2 Electrochemical Biosensing: Basic Principle and Architecture 49316.3 Bio-FETs: Evolution, Structure, and Architecture 49516.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Biosensing and Bio-FETs 50516.5 Nanomaterial-Biorecognition Design: Synthesis, Immobilization, and Integration Strategies 50916.6 Functionalized Bio-FETs 51916.7 Case Studies 52516.8 Conclusion 529Acknowledgment 530References 53017 Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems 541Deekshitha S. NayakAbbreviations 54117.1 Introduction 54217.2 History of Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems 54317.3 Solar Cells 54817.4 Solar Collectors 54917.5 Fuel Cells 55017.6 Photocatalysis 55117.7 Solar Photovoltaic 55217.8 Energy Storage 55317.9 Rechargeable Batteries 55417.10 Application Technologies in Solar Cells 55517.11 Development of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials 55917.12 Features of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials 56217.13 Challenges and Future Scope of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials 56317.14 Conclusion 565References 56618 Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Photocatalytic Devices 569Brij Mohan, Virender, Neeraj, Ritika Kadiyan, Krishan Kumar, Armando J. L. Pombeiro and Rakesh Kumar Gupta18.1 Introduction 56918.2 Metal-Doped Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts: Design and Workings 57118.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism 57318.4 Energy-Electron Flow in Nanomaterial Photocatalysis 57518.5 Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of Nanomaterials 57618.6 Challenges 57818.7 Conclusion 580Acknowledgments 580References 58019 Design and Fabrication of Sonochemically Prepared Functionalized Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Applications 585Jayaraman Kalidass and Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar19.1 Introduction 58519.2 Role of Ultrasound in Material Synthesis 59319.3 Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials 59619.4 Advanced Fabrication Techniques to Functionalize the Nanomaterials 60219.5 Challenges and Opportunities 60719.6 Conclusion 608Acknowledgment 609References 609Part IV: Reliability, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Environmental Impact and Commercialization Aspects 61520 Reliability, Ethical and Legal Issues, Environmental Impact, and Commercialization Aspects of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 617Dolly Thankachan20.1 Introduction 61820.2 Reliability of Nanomaterials for Electronics and Optoelectronics Material 61920.3 Legal Issues in Field of Nanotechnology 62520.4 Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 62820.5 Ethical Aspects 63220.6 Conclusion 640References 641Index 645