Mehmet Sankir, PhD, received his doctorate in macromolecular science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He has carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. He has organized special sessions for engineering conferences. This is his seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her doctorate degree in materials science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. After graduation, she joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as an R&D engineer and program manager. In 2007, she enrolled at TOBB ETU, where she has been a faculty member since then. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU. Nurdan has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: Hydrogen and the Green Deal 11 Decarbonizing the Industry with Green Hydrogen 3Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Orcun Demir, Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagöz, Mehmet Kurt, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir1.1 Introduction 41.2 Intersections of National H2 Strategies 61.3 Decarbonization of Carbon-Intensive Sectors 91.4 Developments in Industrial Use of Green H2 191.5 Conclusions 352 Conventional to Renewable Hydrogen Production: A Paradigm Shift Toward Sustainable Energy 49Kriti Shrivasava and Ankur Jain2.1 Introduction 502.2 Hydrogen Production Technologies 522.3 Production of Blue Hydrogen 543 Toward Green Hydrogen Generation 87Kexin Yin, Yinglong Wang, Xiaoying Zhang, Yusen Chen and Jianhui Zhong3.1 Introduction 883.2 Traditional Hydrogen Production Technology 913.3 Green Hydrogen Production Technology 953.4 Challenges Facing the Industrialization of Green Hydrogen Production 1123.5 Conclusion 114Part 2: Carbon Capturing and Hydrogen 1214 Biomass Waste-to-Hydrogen Conversion: Innovations in Methanol and Ammonia Production as Efficient and Sustainable Hydrogen Storage Pathways 123Arif Darmawan, Abdul Hadi, Abdul Hamid Budiman, Eniya Listiani Dewi and Muhammad Aziz4.1 Introduction 1244.2 Hydrogen Production from Thermochemical Conversion and Methanol/Ammonia as Potential Hydrogen Carriers 1264.3 Enhancing Efficiency through Process Modeling and Exergy Optimization 1294.4 Municipal Solid Waste Conversion to Hydrogen and Methanol for Efficient Energy Storage 1364.5 Innovations in Direct Ammonia Production from Biomass Waste through Carbonization and Thermochemical Cycles 1384.6 Exergoeconomic Analysis, Combining Techno-Economic Analysis, and Exergy Analysis 1414.7 Conclusion 1445 Advances and Challenges in Metal Oxide--Based Carbon Capture Technologies: An Overview 149Berfu Kocabas, Olgu C. Cosar, Arpad Mihai Rostas, Ipek Deniz Yildirim, Ahmet Gungor and Emre Erdem5.1 Introduction 1495.2 Metal Oxides as Carbon Capture Agents 1525.3 Enhancing Carbon Capture Efficiency 1545.4 Future Trends and Research Directions 1655.5 Conclusion 1666 Coupling of Process Intensification to Life Cycle Assessment for Eco-Design of Biohydrogen Factory by Microalgae 171Iván Ehecatl López-González, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez and Dulce Jazmín Hernández-Melchor6.1 Introduction 1726.2 Methodology 1816.3 Numerical Experiments 1876.4 Conclusion 1937 In Situ Monitoring for Biohydrogen Production Using a Low-Cost Sensor 205Pablo Antonio López Pérez, Patricia Meneses Martínez, Emmanuel Vallejo Castañeda and Ricardo Aguilar López7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Methodology 2197.3 Results 2257.4 Conclusions 231Part 3: Green Hydrogen Generation 2378 Green Hydrogen Production by PEM Water Electrolysis 239Sergey A. Grigoriev9 Wind Driven Hydrogen Production in Eastern Morocco: Suitability Atlas Development and Techno-Economic Analysis 267Salaheddine Amrani, Samir Touili, Abdellatif Azzaoui, Ahmed Alami Merrouni and Hassane Dekhissi9.1 Introduction 2689.2 Materials and Methods 2699.3 Results and Discussion 2829.4 Conclusion 28810 Bifunctional Electrocatalyst--Driven Hybrid Water Splitting for Energy-Saving Coproduction of Green H2 and ValuableChemicals 293Hui Jiang, Guoliang Mei and Bo You10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Fundamentals of Hybrid Water Splitting 29610.3 Electrochemical Reconstruction 30310.4 Hybrid Water Splitting with Oxidative Upgrading 30610.5 Conclusions and Outlook 33411 Electrolyzers for H2 Production: A Review 359Edisson Villa-Ávila, Paul Arévalo, Marcos Tostado-Véliz and Francisco Jurado11.1 Introduction 36011.2 Materials and Methods 36211.3 Advances in Electrolyzer Technology 37111.4 Future Perspectives and Trends 37711.5 Current Challenges and Obstacles 38211.6 Applications and Industrial Potential 38311.7 Case Studies 38511.8 Economic and Sustainability Considerations 38711.9 Conclusions and Recommendations 39412 Green Hydrogen Generation by Water Electrolysis 407Weizhe Zhang, Yixiang Shi, Shuang Li and Ningsheng Cai12.1 Introduction 40812.2 Fundamentals of Water Electrolysis 40812.3 Alkaline Electrolysis Cell (AEC) 41412.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell (PEMEC) 42212.5 Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cell (PCEC) 42912.6 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) 43512.7 Summary 440References 441Index 463

Mehmet Sankir, PhD, received his doctorate in macromolecular science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He has carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. He has organized special sessions for engineering conferences. This is his seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her doctorate degree in materials science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. After graduation, she joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as an R&D engineer and program manager. In 2007, she enrolled at TOBB ETU, where she has been a faculty member since then. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU. Nurdan has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: Hydrogen and the Green Deal 11 Decarbonizing the Industry with Green Hydrogen 3Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Orcun Demir, Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagöz, Mehmet Kurt, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir1.1 Introduction 41.2 Intersections of National H2 Strategies 61.3 Decarbonization of Carbon-Intensive Sectors 91.4 Developments in Industrial Use of Green H2 191.5 Conclusions 352 Conventional to Renewable Hydrogen Production: A Paradigm Shift Toward Sustainable Energy 49Kriti Shrivasava and Ankur Jain2.1 Introduction 502.2 Hydrogen Production Technologies 522.3 Production of Blue Hydrogen 543 Toward Green Hydrogen Generation 87Kexin Yin, Yinglong Wang, Xiaoying Zhang, Yusen Chen and Jianhui Zhong3.1 Introduction 883.2 Traditional Hydrogen Production Technology 913.3 Green Hydrogen Production Technology 953.4 Challenges Facing the Industrialization of Green Hydrogen Production 1123.5 Conclusion 114Part 2: Carbon Capturing and Hydrogen 1214 Biomass Waste-to-Hydrogen Conversion: Innovations in Methanol and Ammonia Production as Efficient and Sustainable Hydrogen Storage Pathways 123Arif Darmawan, Abdul Hadi, Abdul Hamid Budiman, Eniya Listiani Dewi and Muhammad Aziz4.1 Introduction 1244.2 Hydrogen Production from Thermochemical Conversion and Methanol/Ammonia as Potential Hydrogen Carriers 1264.3 Enhancing Efficiency through Process Modeling and Exergy Optimization 1294.4 Municipal Solid Waste Conversion to Hydrogen and Methanol for Efficient Energy Storage 1364.5 Innovations in Direct Ammonia Production from Biomass Waste through Carbonization and Thermochemical Cycles 1384.6 Exergoeconomic Analysis, Combining Techno-Economic Analysis, and Exergy Analysis 1414.7 Conclusion 1445 Advances and Challenges in Metal Oxide--Based Carbon Capture Technologies: An Overview 149Berfu Kocabas, Olgu C. Cosar, Arpad Mihai Rostas, Ipek Deniz Yildirim, Ahmet Gungor and Emre Erdem5.1 Introduction 1495.2 Metal Oxides as Carbon Capture Agents 1525.3 Enhancing Carbon Capture Efficiency 1545.4 Future Trends and Research Directions 1655.5 Conclusion 1666 Coupling of Process Intensification to Life Cycle Assessment for Eco-Design of Biohydrogen Factory by Microalgae 171Iván Ehecatl López-González, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez and Dulce Jazmín Hernández-Melchor6.1 Introduction 1726.2 Methodology 1816.3 Numerical Experiments 1876.4 Conclusion 1937 In Situ Monitoring for Biohydrogen Production Using a Low-Cost Sensor 205Pablo Antonio López Pérez, Patricia Meneses Martínez, Emmanuel Vallejo Castañeda and Ricardo Aguilar López7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Methodology 2197.3 Results 2257.4 Conclusions 231Part 3: Green Hydrogen Generation 2378 Green Hydrogen Production by PEM Water Electrolysis 239Sergey A. Grigoriev9 Wind Driven Hydrogen Production in Eastern Morocco: Suitability Atlas Development and Techno-Economic Analysis 267Salaheddine Amrani, Samir Touili, Abdellatif Azzaoui, Ahmed Alami Merrouni and Hassane Dekhissi9.1 Introduction 2689.2 Materials and Methods 2699.3 Results and Discussion 2829.4 Conclusion 28810 Bifunctional Electrocatalyst--Driven Hybrid Water Splitting for Energy-Saving Coproduction of Green H2 and ValuableChemicals 293Hui Jiang, Guoliang Mei and Bo You10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Fundamentals of Hybrid Water Splitting 29610.3 Electrochemical Reconstruction 30310.4 Hybrid Water Splitting with Oxidative Upgrading 30610.5 Conclusions and Outlook 33411 Electrolyzers for H2 Production: A Review 359Edisson Villa-Ávila, Paul Arévalo, Marcos Tostado-Véliz and Francisco Jurado11.1 Introduction 36011.2 Materials and Methods 36211.3 Advances in Electrolyzer Technology 37111.4 Future Perspectives and Trends 37711.5 Current Challenges and Obstacles 38211.6 Applications and Industrial Potential 38311.7 Case Studies 38511.8 Economic and Sustainability Considerations 38711.9 Conclusions and Recommendations 39412 Green Hydrogen Generation by Water Electrolysis 407Weizhe Zhang, Yixiang Shi, Shuang Li and Ningsheng Cai12.1 Introduction 40812.2 Fundamentals of Water Electrolysis 40812.3 Alkaline Electrolysis Cell (AEC) 41412.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell (PEMEC) 42212.5 Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cell (PCEC) 42912.6 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) 43512.7 Summary 440References 441Index 463

Mehmet Sankir, PhD, received his doctorate in macromolecular science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He has carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. He has organized special sessions for engineering conferences. This is his seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her doctorate degree in materials science and engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA, in 2005. After graduation, she joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as an R&D engineer and program manager. In 2007, she enrolled at TOBB ETU, where she has been a faculty member since then. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU. Nurdan has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her seventh co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: Hydrogen and the Green Deal 11 Decarbonizing the Industry with Green Hydrogen 3Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Orcun Demir, Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagöz, Mehmet Kurt, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir1.1 Introduction 41.2 Intersections of National H2 Strategies 61.3 Decarbonization of Carbon-Intensive Sectors 91.4 Developments in Industrial Use of Green H2 191.5 Conclusions 352 Conventional to Renewable Hydrogen Production: A Paradigm Shift Toward Sustainable Energy 49Kriti Shrivasava and Ankur Jain2.1 Introduction 502.2 Hydrogen Production Technologies 522.3 Production of Blue Hydrogen 543 Toward Green Hydrogen Generation 87Kexin Yin, Yinglong Wang, Xiaoying Zhang, Yusen Chen and Jianhui Zhong3.1 Introduction 883.2 Traditional Hydrogen Production Technology 913.3 Green Hydrogen Production Technology 953.4 Challenges Facing the Industrialization of Green Hydrogen Production 1123.5 Conclusion 114Part 2: Carbon Capturing and Hydrogen 1214 Biomass Waste-to-Hydrogen Conversion: Innovations in Methanol and Ammonia Production as Efficient and Sustainable Hydrogen Storage Pathways 123Arif Darmawan, Abdul Hadi, Abdul Hamid Budiman, Eniya Listiani Dewi and Muhammad Aziz4.1 Introduction 1244.2 Hydrogen Production from Thermochemical Conversion and Methanol/Ammonia as Potential Hydrogen Carriers 1264.3 Enhancing Efficiency through Process Modeling and Exergy Optimization 1294.4 Municipal Solid Waste Conversion to Hydrogen and Methanol for Efficient Energy Storage 1364.5 Innovations in Direct Ammonia Production from Biomass Waste through Carbonization and Thermochemical Cycles 1384.6 Exergoeconomic Analysis, Combining Techno-Economic Analysis, and Exergy Analysis 1414.7 Conclusion 1445 Advances and Challenges in Metal Oxide--Based Carbon Capture Technologies: An Overview 149Berfu Kocabas, Olgu C. Cosar, Arpad Mihai Rostas, Ipek Deniz Yildirim, Ahmet Gungor and Emre Erdem5.1 Introduction 1495.2 Metal Oxides as Carbon Capture Agents 1525.3 Enhancing Carbon Capture Efficiency 1545.4 Future Trends and Research Directions 1655.5 Conclusion 1666 Coupling of Process Intensification to Life Cycle Assessment for Eco-Design of Biohydrogen Factory by Microalgae 171Iván Ehecatl López-González, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez and Dulce Jazmín Hernández-Melchor6.1 Introduction 1726.2 Methodology 1816.3 Numerical Experiments 1876.4 Conclusion 1937 In Situ Monitoring for Biohydrogen Production Using a Low-Cost Sensor 205Pablo Antonio López Pérez, Patricia Meneses Martínez, Emmanuel Vallejo Castañeda and Ricardo Aguilar López7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Methodology 2197.3 Results 2257.4 Conclusions 231Part 3: Green Hydrogen Generation 2378 Green Hydrogen Production by PEM Water Electrolysis 239Sergey A. Grigoriev9 Wind Driven Hydrogen Production in Eastern Morocco: Suitability Atlas Development and Techno-Economic Analysis 267Salaheddine Amrani, Samir Touili, Abdellatif Azzaoui, Ahmed Alami Merrouni and Hassane Dekhissi9.1 Introduction 2689.2 Materials and Methods 2699.3 Results and Discussion 2829.4 Conclusion 28810 Bifunctional Electrocatalyst--Driven Hybrid Water Splitting for Energy-Saving Coproduction of Green H2 and ValuableChemicals 293Hui Jiang, Guoliang Mei and Bo You10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Fundamentals of Hybrid Water Splitting 29610.3 Electrochemical Reconstruction 30310.4 Hybrid Water Splitting with Oxidative Upgrading 30610.5 Conclusions and Outlook 33411 Electrolyzers for H2 Production: A Review 359Edisson Villa-Ávila, Paul Arévalo, Marcos Tostado-Véliz and Francisco Jurado11.1 Introduction 36011.2 Materials and Methods 36211.3 Advances in Electrolyzer Technology 37111.4 Future Perspectives and Trends 37711.5 Current Challenges and Obstacles 38211.6 Applications and Industrial Potential 38311.7 Case Studies 38511.8 Economic and Sustainability Considerations 38711.9 Conclusions and Recommendations 39412 Green Hydrogen Generation by Water Electrolysis 407Weizhe Zhang, Yixiang Shi, Shuang Li and Ningsheng Cai12.1 Introduction 40812.2 Fundamentals of Water Electrolysis 40812.3 Alkaline Electrolysis Cell (AEC) 41412.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell (PEMEC) 42212.5 Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cell (PCEC) 42912.6 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) 43512.7 Summary 440References 441Index 463