Sustainable Materials for Fuel Cell Technologies

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener. Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean’s Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books. Jorddy Neves Cruz is a researcher at the Federal University of Pará and the Emilio Goeldi Museum. He has experience in multidisciplinary research in the areas of medicinal chemistry, drug design, extraction of bioactive compounds, extraction of essential oils, food chemistry and biological testing. He has published several research articles in scientific journals and is an associate editor of the Journal of Medicine.

• Preface xxi1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Technologies 1Ouahid El Asri, Fatima Safa, Ikram Yousfi and Meryem RoueguiList of Abbreviations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 What is a Fuel Cell? 31.3 Historical Data on Fuel Cells 61.4 Why are Fuel Cells on the Trend? 81.5 Areas of Application of Fuel Cells 91.6 Conclusion 17References 172 Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Synthesis and Performance 25Yuliya Dzyazko, Anatolii Omel’chuk and V’yacheslav Barsukov2.1 Introduction 262.2 Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Proton Conducting Membranes 272.3 Embedding Inorganic Particles into Commercial Ion Exchange Polymers 382.4 Membranes Modified with Different Inorganic Compounds 472.5 Conclusions 67References 683 Emerging Trends and Innovations in Fuel Cell Research: Materials and Beyond 81Lutfu S. Sua and Figen Balo3.1 Introduction 823.2 Fuel Cells 853.3 Fuel Cells’ Current Status and Technical Challenges 873.4 Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis 933.5 Conclusions 94References 984 Catalyst Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Design and Applications 107J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado4.1 Introduction 1074.2 Polymers Used as Proton Exchange Membrane 1094.3 Catalysts to Proton Exchange Membrane 1104.4 Conclusions 111References 1125 Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Scale-Up: Advancements and Economic Considerations 117P. Karthikeyan, R. Muthudineshkumar and C. Jayabalan5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Evolution of Cost-Effective Manufacturing 1205.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 1235.4 Automation and Green Technologies: Catalysts for Scaling Up Manufacturing Industries 1255.5 Embracing Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Technological Advancements: A Paradigm for Sustainable Growth 1275.6 Conclusion 129References 1296 Organic Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Structure and Transport Properties 131Nuha Awang, Azyyati Johari, Mohd Al-Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, Aliff Radzuan Mohamad Radzi, Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin, Hazlina Junoh, Nurasyikin Misdan, Norazlianie Sazali, Siti Munira Jamil, Muhammad Izuan Nasib and Nur Hashimah Alias6.1 Introduction 1326.2 Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Chemical Composition in Controlling PEM Performance 1356.3 PEM Transport Mechanisms 1376.4 Advances in Organic Synthesis 1466.5 Challenges in Maintaining PEM Chemical and Mechanical Stability 1536.6 Future Directions and Challenges 1566.7 Conclusion 156Acknowledgement 157References 1577 Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Enhancing Stability and Performance 163Ahmad Fuzamy Mohd Abdul Fatah, Noorashrina A. Hamid and Teh Ubaidah Noh7.1 Introduction 1647.2 Fundamental Principles 1647.3 Materials Selection 1667.4 LSCF Cathode Enhancement in SOFCs with Metal Oxides 1687.5 Enhancing Material Stability 1697.6 Enhancing Performance 1707.7 Characterization Techniques 1727.8 Future Prospect 190Conclusion 190References 1918 Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells: Harnessing Bio Electrochemical Systems 203Parameswari R., Madhan Kumar P., Azhagu Pavithra S., Yogesh T., Janani Iswarya, Ganesamoorthy R. and Babujanarthanam R.8.1 Introduction About MFC 2048.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and their Design Development 2048.3 Major Components of MFC 2068.4 Classification and Role of Anode Material in MFC 2108.5 Classification and Role of Cathode Material in MFC 2158.6 Classification of Membrane and its Importance in MFC Membrane 2278.7 Role of Nanomaterials as MFC Membranes 2298.8 Nanomaterials’ Role in Microbial Cells 2338.9 Role of Synthetic Biology in Microbial Fuel Cells 2368.10 Role of Microorganisms in Microbiome Fuel Cells 2398.11 Disadvantages in MFCs and its Various Applications 2428.12 Future Outlook 2438.13 Conclusion 245Acknowledgments 246References 2469 Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics in Fuel Cells 259Nishithendu Bikash Nandi, Nishan Das, Manas Roy, Susanta Ghanta and Tarun Kumar Misra9.1 Introduction 2609.2 Working Principle of FCs 2619.3 Different Types of FCs 2629.4 Thermodynamics of FCs 2669.5 Electrochemistry of the FCs 2709.6 FC Electrodes 2759.7 Conclusions 276References 27710 Materials for Enzymatic Fuel Cells: Enabling Renewable Energy Conversion 279Aparna Ray Sarkar, Dwaipayan Sen and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee10.1 Introduction 28010.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism in EFC 28010.3 Glucose Biofuel Cell (GFCs) Working Principle 28110.4 Enzyme Immobilization Processes in EFC 28210.5 Bioelectrode Stability with EFC 28410.6 Enzymes for EFC 28410.7 Opportunities with EFC: An Insight on Characteristic Material Based Application 29210.8 Conclusion 294References 29411 Future Outlook and Opportunities in Sustainable Fuel Cell Technologies: Pathways to a Clean Energy Future 299A. Santhoshkumar, Vinoth Thangarasu, Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, A. Gnana Sagaya Raj, K. Manoj Prabhakar and Muthu Dinesh Kumar Ramaswamy11.1 Introduction 30011.2 Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications 30111.3 Fundamental Parts and Operation of Fuel Cells 30211.4 Certain Design Challenges Related to PEMFC Systems 30311.5 Fuel Cells in Transportation: Sector Applications 30411.6 Design Structure of Electric Vehicles Using Fuel Cells 30511.7 FCEV Components 30511.8 Demonstrations of FCEVs in Transportation Sector 30611.9 Fuel Cell Applications in the Stationary Sector 30611.10 Conclusions 307References 30812 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques in Fuel Cell Materials (Deep Eutectic Solvent): Advances and Applications 311Masooma Siddiqui and Maroof Ali12.1 Introduction 31212.2 Methodology 31512.3 Characterization Techniques 32012.4 Results and Discussion 32212.5 Applications in Fuel Cell Technology 32712.6 Environmental Stewardship 33412.7 Conclusion 336References 33713 Materials for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs): Advancements in Catalysts and Membranes 349Amna Shafique, Ramsha Saleem, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan and Muhammad Summer13.1 Introduction 35013.2 General Design and Operation of the Fuel Cell 35413.3 Components of DMFC 355Conclusion 371Acknowledgement 371References 37114 Advances in Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Characterizing Materials and Systems 379Ramsha Saleem, Mehwish Khalid, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat, Shahzad Rasheed and Muhammad Summer14.1 Introduction 38014.2 Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Methods 38114.3 Conclusion 390Acknowledgement 390References 39015 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs): Materials and Electrolyte Technologies 395Syeda Satwat Batool, Ramsha Saleem, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat and Shehzad Rasheed15.1 Introduction 39615.2 General Cell Design Issues 39615.3 Fundamentals of PAFCs 40015.4 Components of PAFCs 40215.5 Summary 412Acknowledgement 412References 41216 Electrode Materials and Interfaces: Enhancing Efficiency and Durability 421Gayatri Dash and Ela Rout16.1 Introduction 42216.2 Synthesis Process for Cathode Materials 42416.3 Perovskite- Structure Cathode Materials for SOFC 42716.4 Properties of Cathode Materials 43816.5 Summary 441Bibliography 44117 Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs): Electrolysis and Hydrogen Production 451Cezar Comanescu17.1 Introduction 45217.2 Fundamentals of SOECs 45317.3 Materials for SOEC Components, Interface Engineering and Compatibility 45617.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities 468References 47518 Durability and Stability of Fuel Cell Materials Addressing: Degradation Mechanisms 481Nadia Akram, Rafia Kanwal, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Saeed and Muhammad Ibrahim18.1 Introduction 48218.2 Types of Fuel Cell 48318.3 Effect of Durability and Stability in Fuel Cell 48718.4 Degradation Mechanisms in Fuel Cells 48718.5 Characterization Techniques for Assessing Materials Degradation 49318.6 Strategies for Enhancing Materials Durability 49518.7 Future Prospective and Challenges 49718.8 Conclusion 497References 49819 Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs): Ionic Conductors for Next-Generation Fuel Cells 505G. G. Flores-Rojas, B. Gómez-Lázaro, F. López-Saucedo, M. Rentería-Urquiza, R. Vera-Graziano, E. Bucio and E. Mendizábal19.1 Introduction 50619.2 Structure of Oxides as PCFC Materials 50819.3 Proton Absorption Mechanisms 51319.4 Proton Conduction Mechanisms 51519.5 Factors Affecting Proton Absorption and Conduction 51619.6 Electrolyte 51819.7 Cathode 52019.8 Anode 52319.9 PCFC Synthesis Methods 52619.10 Conclusion 527Acknowledgment 528References 52820 Performance Evaluation and Testing of Fuel Cell Materials: Methods and Analysis 551Hafiz Muhammad Muazzam, Urooj Fatima, Haq Nawaz Bhatti and Amina Khan20.1 Introduction 55220.2 Objectives 55220.3 Importance of FC Materials 55320.4 Fuel Cell Types 55420.5 Performance Metrics in Fuel Cells 55620.6 Evaluation Criteria 55720.7 Efficiency 55720.8 Testing Methods 55820.9 Fault Diagnosis 56120.10 Materials Techniques for Improved Durability and Efficiency 56120.11 Future Trends and Developments 562Conclusion 562References 56321 AI and Smart Technologies for Renewable Energy and Green Fuel 567Tina J Jat and Tapasi Ghosh21.1 Introduction 56821.2 Fuel Cell and AI Applications 57221.3 Bioenergy 57421.4 Conclusions 577Acknowledgement 577References 577Index 581