Yuqing Sun, PhD, is an Associate Professor in School of Agriculture and Biotechnology at Sun Yat-Sen University. She has published over 60 articles in top 10% journals and received over 7,900 citations. Her research covers the customized design and application of engineered biochar in green and sustainable agricultural applications. Daniel C.W. Tsang, PhD (ICE Fellow, RSC Fellow, HKIE Fellow) is a Professor in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director of Research Center on Decarbonization Technology at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has published over 600 articles in top 10% journals and received over 78,000 citations. His research team strives to develop green technologies to ensure sustainable development and long-term decarbonization.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xxv1 Tailored Biochar Production from Waste Biomass Resource in Rural Areas 1Yuqing Sun and Daniel C.W. Tsang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of Rural Solid Wastes 21.3 Biochar Production Methods 101.4 Biochar Modification Methods 201.5 Conclusion 272 Waste-derived Biochar as Renewable Bio-fuels 39Xiefei Zhu, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang2.1 Feedstocks Type of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 392.2 Preparation Technologies of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 402.3 Preparation of Biochar Fuel by Carbonization 442.4 Types and Characteristics of Carbonation Reactors 452.5 Fuel Properties of Biochar 502.6 Combustion of Biochar 532.7 Combustion Characteristics of Biochar 552.8 Combustion Kinetics of Biochar 602.9 Emission Characteristics of Biochar Combustion 622.10 Migration of Alkali Metals During Biochar Combustion 642.11 Prospects and Challenges of Biochar Energy 683 Agricultural Waste-derived Biochar for Energy Recovery from Waste Fermentation 77Hong-Yu Ren, Qingqing Song, Fanying Kong, and Xueting Song3.1 Introduction 773.2 Biochar Preparation from Agricultural Waste 793.3 Energy Recovery from Waste Biomass Fermentation Based on Biochar Treatment 803.4 A Case for Biochar in Energy Recovery 833.5 Conclusion 834 Waste-derived Biochar as Organic Seeding Substrate 87Yutao Peng, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang4.1 Peat-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 874.2 Coir-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 894.3 Growing Media of Compost, Humic Acid, and Activated Carbon 905 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Fertilizers 95Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo5.1 Introduction 955.2 Research Progress of SRF 965.3 The Preparation Technologies of Biochar-based SRFs 995.4 Mechanism of Slow Release of Biochar 1035.5 The Specific Applications of Biochar SRF 1045.6 Summary and Outlook 1066 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Pesticides 113Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo6.1 Introduction 1136.2 Research Progress of Biochar-based Slow-release Pesticides 1156.3 The Mechanisms of Biochar Loading and Slow Release of Pesticide 1176.4 Determinants Influencing Biochar Loading Efficiency and Pesticidal Release Capacity 1216.5 Modification of Biochar for Sustained Release of Pesticide 1256.6 Summary and Outlook 1267 Waste-derived Biochar as Targeting Plant Disease Suppressors 133Mi Wei, Zhongwang Liu, Yuqing Sun, and Jinfang Tan7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Methods 1347.3 Using Biochar for Managing Plant Diseases 1347.4 Conclusion 1428 Improvement of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties by Waste-derived Biochar 149Ying Zhao, Zhuqing Liu, Jiang Song, Kui Cheng, and Fan Yang8.1 Biochar Improves Soil Physical Properties 1508.2 Biochar Improves Soil Chemical Properties 1548.3 Biochar Improves Soil Biological Properties 1599 Impact of Biochar on Pesticides Transportation, Bioavailability, Performance, and Degradation in Soil Environment 169Xin Liu, Lingfeng Zeng, Yuqing Sun, Yaoyu Zhou, and Daniel C.W. Tsang9.1 Introduction to Biochar and Pesticides 1699.2 Biochar Application for Pesticide Control 1719.3 Biochar’s Impact on Pesticide Transportation 1759.4 Bioavailability of Pesticides in the Presence of Biochar 1769.5 Performance Enhancement of Pesticides with Biochar 1789.6 Degradation of Pesticides Influenced by Biochar 1799.7 Future Prospects and Challenges in Biochar–Pesticide Research 18010 Waste-derived Biochar as Adsorbent for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 187Jianhua Qu and Ying Zhang10.1 Introduction 18710.2 Preparation of Biochar-based Agriculture Wastewater Adsorbent 18810.3 Efficacy of Biochar-adsorption on Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19210.4 Effects of Modification Methods on Biochar-enhanced Adsorption Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19610.5 Mechanisms of Adsorption and Future Prospects 20311 Waste-derived Biochar as Catalyst for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 211Xiaofei Tan, Hailan Yang, Qiang Chen, and Qianzhen Fang11.1 Photocatalysis 21211.2 H2O2-based Catalysis Processes 21611.3 PS-based Catalysis Processes 21811.4 PI-based Catalysis Processes 22011.5 O3-based Catalysis Processes 22611.6 PAA-based Catalysis Processes 23612 Waste-derived Biochar for Efficient CO2 Capture 261Leichang Cao, Jieni Wang, Shuqin Zhang, Haodong Hou, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang12.1 Introduction 26112.2 Biomass-based Carbon Materials 26212.3 Activation Methods for Carbon Materials 26812.4 The Recent Advances of Functionalized Biochar Materials for CO2 Capture 27312.5 Conclusion and Outlook 28213 Biomass Waste-derived Biochar as Graphitic Carbon for Agricultural Applications 291Baojun Yi, Fang Huang, and Jiaqi Deng13.1 Literature Statistics Methodology 29113.2 Biomass Waste Feedstocks Suitable for the Preparation of Graphitic Carbon 29313.3 Graphitization and Carbonization Processes of Waste Biomass and Characteristics of Graphitic Carbon 29913.4 Optimization Methods for Biomass Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 30513.5 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Soil by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31513.6 Improvement of Soil Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31913.7 Improvement of Fertilizer Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32113.8 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32213.9 Conclusions and Prospects 32314 Waste-derived Biochar for Low-carbon Construction Materials in Rural Areas 351Fulin Qu, Weijian Xu, Yizhe Wang, Yipu Guo, Su Yilin, and Daniel C.W. Tsang14.1 Introduction 35114.2 Properties of Waste-derived Biochar 35314.3 Treatment and Engineering of Biochar 35714.4 Applications in Low-carbon Construction 35914.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits 36514.6 Conclusion 36715 Low-carbon Soil Remediation with Biochar and GGBS 373Weijian Xu, Jingyi Liang, Yuying Zhang, and Daniel C.W. Tsang15.1 Introduction 37315.2 Latest Developments and Applications of Biochar in Soil Remediation 37415.3 Biochar-enhanced Cement for Stabilization/Solidification 38215.4 Key Parameters in Biochar-enhanced Soil S/S 38715.5 Supply Availability of Biochar 39215.6 GGBS Supply Availability 39415.7 Environmental Benefits 39715.8 Conclusion 39816 Technical and Economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies 407Le Fang, Yifan Xing, and Yingying Han16.1 Introduction 40716.2 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies in Production Process 40816.3 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Application Scenarios 41216.4 Element Circulation and Sustainable Development 41616.5 Current Limitations and Future Perspectives 41816.6 Summary 41817 ESG Perspective and Biodiversity Impact of Waste-derived Biochar 425Maheshika Senanayake, Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake, Jay Hyuk Rhee, Meththika Vithanage, and Yong Sik Ok17.1 Introduction 42617.2 Environmental (E) Perspective 42617.3 Social (S) Perspective 43017.4 Governance (G) Perspective 43817.5 Biodiversity 44017.6 Challenges and Opportunities 44217.7 Conclusion 44318 Environmental Stability of Biochar in Natural Systems 455Shishu Zhu, Lanfang Han, and Ke Sun18.1 Environmental Reactivity of Biochar 45518.2 Aggregation and Transport Behaviors of Biochar Colloids 45818.3 Biochar Carbon Stability 46118.4 Perspectives 46919 Risk Assessment of Biochar in Soil and Aquatic Ecosystem 479Xiaochen Huang, Peng Xie, Huijun Li, and Shih-Hsin Ho19.1 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Soil Ecosystem 47919.2 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Aquatic Ecosystem 48219.3 Combined Effects of Biochar and Pollutants to Organisms 48519.4 Potential Measures for Risk Avoidance 487Index 493

Yuqing Sun, PhD, is an Associate Professor in School of Agriculture and Biotechnology at Sun Yat-Sen University. She has published over 60 articles in top 10% journals and received over 7,900 citations. Her research covers the customized design and application of engineered biochar in green and sustainable agricultural applications. Daniel C.W. Tsang, PhD (ICE Fellow, RSC Fellow, HKIE Fellow) is a Professor in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director of Research Center on Decarbonization Technology at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has published over 600 articles in top 10% journals and received over 78,000 citations. His research team strives to develop green technologies to ensure sustainable development and long-term decarbonization.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xxv1 Tailored Biochar Production from Waste Biomass Resource in Rural Areas 1Yuqing Sun and Daniel C.W. Tsang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of Rural Solid Wastes 21.3 Biochar Production Methods 101.4 Biochar Modification Methods 201.5 Conclusion 272 Waste-derived Biochar as Renewable Bio-fuels 39Xiefei Zhu, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang2.1 Feedstocks Type of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 392.2 Preparation Technologies of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 402.3 Preparation of Biochar Fuel by Carbonization 442.4 Types and Characteristics of Carbonation Reactors 452.5 Fuel Properties of Biochar 502.6 Combustion of Biochar 532.7 Combustion Characteristics of Biochar 552.8 Combustion Kinetics of Biochar 602.9 Emission Characteristics of Biochar Combustion 622.10 Migration of Alkali Metals During Biochar Combustion 642.11 Prospects and Challenges of Biochar Energy 683 Agricultural Waste-derived Biochar for Energy Recovery from Waste Fermentation 77Hong-Yu Ren, Qingqing Song, Fanying Kong, and Xueting Song3.1 Introduction 773.2 Biochar Preparation from Agricultural Waste 793.3 Energy Recovery from Waste Biomass Fermentation Based on Biochar Treatment 803.4 A Case for Biochar in Energy Recovery 833.5 Conclusion 834 Waste-derived Biochar as Organic Seeding Substrate 87Yutao Peng, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang4.1 Peat-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 874.2 Coir-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 894.3 Growing Media of Compost, Humic Acid, and Activated Carbon 905 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Fertilizers 95Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo5.1 Introduction 955.2 Research Progress of SRF 965.3 The Preparation Technologies of Biochar-based SRFs 995.4 Mechanism of Slow Release of Biochar 1035.5 The Specific Applications of Biochar SRF 1045.6 Summary and Outlook 1066 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Pesticides 113Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo6.1 Introduction 1136.2 Research Progress of Biochar-based Slow-release Pesticides 1156.3 The Mechanisms of Biochar Loading and Slow Release of Pesticide 1176.4 Determinants Influencing Biochar Loading Efficiency and Pesticidal Release Capacity 1216.5 Modification of Biochar for Sustained Release of Pesticide 1256.6 Summary and Outlook 1267 Waste-derived Biochar as Targeting Plant Disease Suppressors 133Mi Wei, Zhongwang Liu, Yuqing Sun, and Jinfang Tan7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Methods 1347.3 Using Biochar for Managing Plant Diseases 1347.4 Conclusion 1428 Improvement of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties by Waste-derived Biochar 149Ying Zhao, Zhuqing Liu, Jiang Song, Kui Cheng, and Fan Yang8.1 Biochar Improves Soil Physical Properties 1508.2 Biochar Improves Soil Chemical Properties 1548.3 Biochar Improves Soil Biological Properties 1599 Impact of Biochar on Pesticides Transportation, Bioavailability, Performance, and Degradation in Soil Environment 169Xin Liu, Lingfeng Zeng, Yuqing Sun, Yaoyu Zhou, and Daniel C.W. Tsang9.1 Introduction to Biochar and Pesticides 1699.2 Biochar Application for Pesticide Control 1719.3 Biochar’s Impact on Pesticide Transportation 1759.4 Bioavailability of Pesticides in the Presence of Biochar 1769.5 Performance Enhancement of Pesticides with Biochar 1789.6 Degradation of Pesticides Influenced by Biochar 1799.7 Future Prospects and Challenges in Biochar–Pesticide Research 18010 Waste-derived Biochar as Adsorbent for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 187Jianhua Qu and Ying Zhang10.1 Introduction 18710.2 Preparation of Biochar-based Agriculture Wastewater Adsorbent 18810.3 Efficacy of Biochar-adsorption on Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19210.4 Effects of Modification Methods on Biochar-enhanced Adsorption Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19610.5 Mechanisms of Adsorption and Future Prospects 20311 Waste-derived Biochar as Catalyst for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 211Xiaofei Tan, Hailan Yang, Qiang Chen, and Qianzhen Fang11.1 Photocatalysis 21211.2 H2O2-based Catalysis Processes 21611.3 PS-based Catalysis Processes 21811.4 PI-based Catalysis Processes 22011.5 O3-based Catalysis Processes 22611.6 PAA-based Catalysis Processes 23612 Waste-derived Biochar for Efficient CO2 Capture 261Leichang Cao, Jieni Wang, Shuqin Zhang, Haodong Hou, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang12.1 Introduction 26112.2 Biomass-based Carbon Materials 26212.3 Activation Methods for Carbon Materials 26812.4 The Recent Advances of Functionalized Biochar Materials for CO2 Capture 27312.5 Conclusion and Outlook 28213 Biomass Waste-derived Biochar as Graphitic Carbon for Agricultural Applications 291Baojun Yi, Fang Huang, and Jiaqi Deng13.1 Literature Statistics Methodology 29113.2 Biomass Waste Feedstocks Suitable for the Preparation of Graphitic Carbon 29313.3 Graphitization and Carbonization Processes of Waste Biomass and Characteristics of Graphitic Carbon 29913.4 Optimization Methods for Biomass Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 30513.5 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Soil by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31513.6 Improvement of Soil Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31913.7 Improvement of Fertilizer Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32113.8 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32213.9 Conclusions and Prospects 32314 Waste-derived Biochar for Low-carbon Construction Materials in Rural Areas 351Fulin Qu, Weijian Xu, Yizhe Wang, Yipu Guo, Su Yilin, and Daniel C.W. Tsang14.1 Introduction 35114.2 Properties of Waste-derived Biochar 35314.3 Treatment and Engineering of Biochar 35714.4 Applications in Low-carbon Construction 35914.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits 36514.6 Conclusion 36715 Low-carbon Soil Remediation with Biochar and GGBS 373Weijian Xu, Jingyi Liang, Yuying Zhang, and Daniel C.W. Tsang15.1 Introduction 37315.2 Latest Developments and Applications of Biochar in Soil Remediation 37415.3 Biochar-enhanced Cement for Stabilization/Solidification 38215.4 Key Parameters in Biochar-enhanced Soil S/S 38715.5 Supply Availability of Biochar 39215.6 GGBS Supply Availability 39415.7 Environmental Benefits 39715.8 Conclusion 39816 Technical and Economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies 407Le Fang, Yifan Xing, and Yingying Han16.1 Introduction 40716.2 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies in Production Process 40816.3 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Application Scenarios 41216.4 Element Circulation and Sustainable Development 41616.5 Current Limitations and Future Perspectives 41816.6 Summary 41817 ESG Perspective and Biodiversity Impact of Waste-derived Biochar 425Maheshika Senanayake, Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake, Jay Hyuk Rhee, Meththika Vithanage, and Yong Sik Ok17.1 Introduction 42617.2 Environmental (E) Perspective 42617.3 Social (S) Perspective 43017.4 Governance (G) Perspective 43817.5 Biodiversity 44017.6 Challenges and Opportunities 44217.7 Conclusion 44318 Environmental Stability of Biochar in Natural Systems 455Shishu Zhu, Lanfang Han, and Ke Sun18.1 Environmental Reactivity of Biochar 45518.2 Aggregation and Transport Behaviors of Biochar Colloids 45818.3 Biochar Carbon Stability 46118.4 Perspectives 46919 Risk Assessment of Biochar in Soil and Aquatic Ecosystem 479Xiaochen Huang, Peng Xie, Huijun Li, and Shih-Hsin Ho19.1 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Soil Ecosystem 47919.2 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Aquatic Ecosystem 48219.3 Combined Effects of Biochar and Pollutants to Organisms 48519.4 Potential Measures for Risk Avoidance 487Index 493

Yuqing Sun, PhD, is an Associate Professor in School of Agriculture and Biotechnology at Sun Yat-Sen University. She has published over 60 articles in top 10% journals and received over 7,900 citations. Her research covers the customized design and application of engineered biochar in green and sustainable agricultural applications. Daniel C.W. Tsang, PhD (ICE Fellow, RSC Fellow, HKIE Fellow) is a Professor in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director of Research Center on Decarbonization Technology at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has published over 600 articles in top 10% journals and received over 78,000 citations. His research team strives to develop green technologies to ensure sustainable development and long-term decarbonization.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xxv1 Tailored Biochar Production from Waste Biomass Resource in Rural Areas 1Yuqing Sun and Daniel C.W. Tsang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of Rural Solid Wastes 21.3 Biochar Production Methods 101.4 Biochar Modification Methods 201.5 Conclusion 272 Waste-derived Biochar as Renewable Bio-fuels 39Xiefei Zhu, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang2.1 Feedstocks Type of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 392.2 Preparation Technologies of Waste-derived Biochar Fuels 402.3 Preparation of Biochar Fuel by Carbonization 442.4 Types and Characteristics of Carbonation Reactors 452.5 Fuel Properties of Biochar 502.6 Combustion of Biochar 532.7 Combustion Characteristics of Biochar 552.8 Combustion Kinetics of Biochar 602.9 Emission Characteristics of Biochar Combustion 622.10 Migration of Alkali Metals During Biochar Combustion 642.11 Prospects and Challenges of Biochar Energy 683 Agricultural Waste-derived Biochar for Energy Recovery from Waste Fermentation 77Hong-Yu Ren, Qingqing Song, Fanying Kong, and Xueting Song3.1 Introduction 773.2 Biochar Preparation from Agricultural Waste 793.3 Energy Recovery from Waste Biomass Fermentation Based on Biochar Treatment 803.4 A Case for Biochar in Energy Recovery 833.5 Conclusion 834 Waste-derived Biochar as Organic Seeding Substrate 87Yutao Peng, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang4.1 Peat-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 874.2 Coir-based Growing Media Substituted by Biochar 894.3 Growing Media of Compost, Humic Acid, and Activated Carbon 905 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Fertilizers 95Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo5.1 Introduction 955.2 Research Progress of SRF 965.3 The Preparation Technologies of Biochar-based SRFs 995.4 Mechanism of Slow Release of Biochar 1035.5 The Specific Applications of Biochar SRF 1045.6 Summary and Outlook 1066 Waste-derived Biochar as Slow-release Pesticides 113Xiaoqian Jiang, Yuqing Sun, and Jing Luo6.1 Introduction 1136.2 Research Progress of Biochar-based Slow-release Pesticides 1156.3 The Mechanisms of Biochar Loading and Slow Release of Pesticide 1176.4 Determinants Influencing Biochar Loading Efficiency and Pesticidal Release Capacity 1216.5 Modification of Biochar for Sustained Release of Pesticide 1256.6 Summary and Outlook 1267 Waste-derived Biochar as Targeting Plant Disease Suppressors 133Mi Wei, Zhongwang Liu, Yuqing Sun, and Jinfang Tan7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Methods 1347.3 Using Biochar for Managing Plant Diseases 1347.4 Conclusion 1428 Improvement of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties by Waste-derived Biochar 149Ying Zhao, Zhuqing Liu, Jiang Song, Kui Cheng, and Fan Yang8.1 Biochar Improves Soil Physical Properties 1508.2 Biochar Improves Soil Chemical Properties 1548.3 Biochar Improves Soil Biological Properties 1599 Impact of Biochar on Pesticides Transportation, Bioavailability, Performance, and Degradation in Soil Environment 169Xin Liu, Lingfeng Zeng, Yuqing Sun, Yaoyu Zhou, and Daniel C.W. Tsang9.1 Introduction to Biochar and Pesticides 1699.2 Biochar Application for Pesticide Control 1719.3 Biochar’s Impact on Pesticide Transportation 1759.4 Bioavailability of Pesticides in the Presence of Biochar 1769.5 Performance Enhancement of Pesticides with Biochar 1789.6 Degradation of Pesticides Influenced by Biochar 1799.7 Future Prospects and Challenges in Biochar–Pesticide Research 18010 Waste-derived Biochar as Adsorbent for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 187Jianhua Qu and Ying Zhang10.1 Introduction 18710.2 Preparation of Biochar-based Agriculture Wastewater Adsorbent 18810.3 Efficacy of Biochar-adsorption on Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19210.4 Effects of Modification Methods on Biochar-enhanced Adsorption Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 19610.5 Mechanisms of Adsorption and Future Prospects 20311 Waste-derived Biochar as Catalyst for Agriculture Wastewater Treatment 211Xiaofei Tan, Hailan Yang, Qiang Chen, and Qianzhen Fang11.1 Photocatalysis 21211.2 H2O2-based Catalysis Processes 21611.3 PS-based Catalysis Processes 21811.4 PI-based Catalysis Processes 22011.5 O3-based Catalysis Processes 22611.6 PAA-based Catalysis Processes 23612 Waste-derived Biochar for Efficient CO2 Capture 261Leichang Cao, Jieni Wang, Shuqin Zhang, Haodong Hou, Yuqing Sun, and Daniel C.W. Tsang12.1 Introduction 26112.2 Biomass-based Carbon Materials 26212.3 Activation Methods for Carbon Materials 26812.4 The Recent Advances of Functionalized Biochar Materials for CO2 Capture 27312.5 Conclusion and Outlook 28213 Biomass Waste-derived Biochar as Graphitic Carbon for Agricultural Applications 291Baojun Yi, Fang Huang, and Jiaqi Deng13.1 Literature Statistics Methodology 29113.2 Biomass Waste Feedstocks Suitable for the Preparation of Graphitic Carbon 29313.3 Graphitization and Carbonization Processes of Waste Biomass and Characteristics of Graphitic Carbon 29913.4 Optimization Methods for Biomass Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 30513.5 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Soil by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31513.6 Improvement of Soil Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 31913.7 Improvement of Fertilizer Properties by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32113.8 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Waste-derived Graphitic Carbon 32213.9 Conclusions and Prospects 32314 Waste-derived Biochar for Low-carbon Construction Materials in Rural Areas 351Fulin Qu, Weijian Xu, Yizhe Wang, Yipu Guo, Su Yilin, and Daniel C.W. Tsang14.1 Introduction 35114.2 Properties of Waste-derived Biochar 35314.3 Treatment and Engineering of Biochar 35714.4 Applications in Low-carbon Construction 35914.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits 36514.6 Conclusion 36715 Low-carbon Soil Remediation with Biochar and GGBS 373Weijian Xu, Jingyi Liang, Yuying Zhang, and Daniel C.W. Tsang15.1 Introduction 37315.2 Latest Developments and Applications of Biochar in Soil Remediation 37415.3 Biochar-enhanced Cement for Stabilization/Solidification 38215.4 Key Parameters in Biochar-enhanced Soil S/S 38715.5 Supply Availability of Biochar 39215.6 GGBS Supply Availability 39415.7 Environmental Benefits 39715.8 Conclusion 39816 Technical and Economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies 407Le Fang, Yifan Xing, and Yingying Han16.1 Introduction 40716.2 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Technologies in Production Process 40816.3 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Application Scenarios 41216.4 Element Circulation and Sustainable Development 41616.5 Current Limitations and Future Perspectives 41816.6 Summary 41817 ESG Perspective and Biodiversity Impact of Waste-derived Biochar 425Maheshika Senanayake, Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake, Jay Hyuk Rhee, Meththika Vithanage, and Yong Sik Ok17.1 Introduction 42617.2 Environmental (E) Perspective 42617.3 Social (S) Perspective 43017.4 Governance (G) Perspective 43817.5 Biodiversity 44017.6 Challenges and Opportunities 44217.7 Conclusion 44318 Environmental Stability of Biochar in Natural Systems 455Shishu Zhu, Lanfang Han, and Ke Sun18.1 Environmental Reactivity of Biochar 45518.2 Aggregation and Transport Behaviors of Biochar Colloids 45818.3 Biochar Carbon Stability 46118.4 Perspectives 46919 Risk Assessment of Biochar in Soil and Aquatic Ecosystem 479Xiaochen Huang, Peng Xie, Huijun Li, and Shih-Hsin Ho19.1 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Soil Ecosystem 47919.2 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Aquatic Ecosystem 48219.3 Combined Effects of Biochar and Pollutants to Organisms 48519.4 Potential Measures for Risk Avoidance 487Index 493