Internet of Things A to Z

Qusay F. Hassan, PhD, is an independent researcher and technology evangelist with over 20 years of industry experience in information communication technology (ICT). Throughout his career, he has held various roles in software development, IT services, and teaching. He is currently an independent technical consultant, advising on emerging ICT trends and enterprise systems. In his previous position as a systems analyst at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), he implemented and managed large-scale data and software systems and actively contributed to digital transformation initiatives, helping to adopt new technologies and deliver innovative solutions across sectors. He received his PhD in computer and information sciences from Mansoura University, Egypt, in 2015. His technical experience and research interests span the areas of software engineering, big data engineering, and distributed systems. He has authored several publications and reviewed many articles and books in these areas. He is also the editor of several academic and research books, including his latest: Advances in the Internet of Things: Challenges, Solutions, and Emerging Technologies (CRC Press, 2025). He is a senior member of IEEE.

• List of Contributors xxvAbout the Editor xxxiAbout the Contributors xxxiiiPreface lvAcknowledgments lxiiiReviewers lxvAbout the Companion Website lxviiPart I Core Concepts and Enablers 11 Introduction to the Internet of Things 3Detlef Schoder1.1 Historical Roots 31.2 Related Streams: Machine-to-Machine Communications, Industrial Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Cyber-Physical Systems 61.3 Who Works on the Internet of Things? 81.4 Internet of Things—Core Concepts 91.5 Internet of Things Framework 121.6 Derived Qualities of Modern ICT 241.7 Potential for Product, Process, and Business Model Innovations 261.8 Implications and Challenges 301.9 Conclusion 34References 352 An Overview of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things 41Faisal S. Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva2.1 Introduction 412.2 Overview of IoT Architecture 422.3 Enabling Technologies 432.4 IoT Platforms and Operating Systems 612.5 Conclusion 63References 643 RFID in the Internet of Things 67Akaa Agbaeze Eteng, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Chee Yen Leow3.1 Introduction 673.2 A Brief History of RFID 683.3 A Glimpse into RFID Technology 693.4 RFID Applications in the Internet of Things 713.5 Connecting RFID Transceivers to the Internet 773.6 Emerging Technology Trends 803.7 Challenges and Outlook 813.8 Conclusion 83References 844 Sensors, Actuators, Wireless Sensor Networks, and the Internet of Things 89Akaa Agbaeze Eteng4.1 Introduction 894.2 A Glimpse into Sensors and Actuators 894.3 Wireless Sensor Networks 944.4 Wireless Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things 1014.5 Deployment Case Studies 1044.6 Open Problems and Future Directions 1064.7 Conclusion 112References 1125 Cloud and Fog Computing in the Internet of Things 119Daniel Happ5.1 Introduction 1195.2 IoT System Requirements 1205.3 Cloud Computing in IoT 1215.4 Fog Computing in IoT 1265.5 Conclusion 133References 1346 On Standardizing the Internet of Things and Its Applications 137Kai Jakobs6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Current Status 1396.3 The Standardization Environment 1436.4 Standardization in Selected Application Areas 1456.5 Discussion and Some Speculation 1526.6 Conclusion 154Acknowledgments 155References 155Part II AI and the Internet of Things 1597 Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things: Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges 161Chathumi Samaraweera, Adarsha Bhattarai, Dongming Peng, Yutong Liu, and Hamid Sharif7.1 Introduction 1617.2 AI Algorithms 1637.3 AI-Based IoT Applications 1767.4 Current Challenges and Potential Solutions 1827.5 More Considerations on Real-World Applications and Moral Ramifications of AI/ML in IoT 1867.6 Conclusion 187References 1888 Deep Learning and the Internet of Things: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities 193John Byabazaire, Joana Tirana, Andreas Chouliaras, Vlasis Koutsos, Theodoros Aslanidis, Ioannis Panagiotidis, and Dimitris Chatzopoulos8.1 Introduction 1938.2 Overview of Deep Learning 1958.3 Edge Intelligence 2008.4 tinyML 2068.5 Digital Twins 2098.6 Metaverse 2128.7 Challenges and Opportunities 2168.8 Conclusion 220References 221Part III Use Cases and Application Domains 2299 The Industrial Internet of Things 231Alexander Willner9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Market Overview 2329.3 Interoperability and Technologies 2369.4 Alliances 2399.5 Conclusions 243Acknowledgments 243References 24410 The Emerging “Energy Internet of Things” 247Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso10.1 Introduction 24710.2 Power Management Trends and EIoT Support 25110.3 Real-Life Power Management Optimization Approaches 26710.4 Challenges and Future Directions 27010.5 Conclusion 273References 27411 Implementing the Internet of Things for Renewable Energy 279Lucas Finco and Daniel Minoli11.1 Introduction 27911.2 Managing the Impact of Sustainable Energy 28011.3 EIoT Deployment 28511.4 Industry Standards for EIoT 29011.5 Security Considerations in EIoT and Clean Energy Environments 29211.6 Conclusion 293References 29412 Internet of Things Applications for Smart Cities 297Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso12.1 Introduction 29712.2 IoT Applications for Smart Cities 29912.3 Specific Smart City Applications 30612.4 Optimal Enablement of Video and Multimedia Capabilities in IoT 31212.5 Key Underlying Technologies for Smart Cities IoT Applications 31312.6 Challenges and Future Research 32012.7 Conclusion 321References 32113 Internet of Things Applications for Agriculture 327Lei Zhang, Ibibia K. Dabipi, and Willie L. Brown Jr.13.1 Introduction 32713.2 Internet-of-Things-Based PA 32913.3 IoT Application in Agriculture Irrigation 33113.4 IoT Application in Agriculture Fertilization 33413.5 IoT Application in Crop Disease and Pest Management 33613.6 IoT Application in Precision Livestock Farming 33713.7 Conclusion 339References 33914 Smart Landslide Monitoring and Warning Systems with IoT Technologies 345Sahil Sankhyan, Mirothali Chand, Praveen Kumar, Kala Venkata Uday, and Varun Dutt14.1 Introduction 34514.2 IoT-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems (IoT-LEWSs) 34714.3 Case Studies 35614.4 Challenges and Future Research 35814.5 Conclusion 362References 36315 The Internet of Things and People in Health Care 369Nancy L. Russo and Jeanette Eriksson15.1 Introduction 36915.2 The Smart Health Care Ecosystem 37015.3 Dimensions of Internet of Things Applications in Health Care 37415.4 Examples of IoT-Related Health Care Applications and Their Dimensions 37815.5 Challenges 38615.6 Conclusion 388Acknowledgments 389References 38916 Smart Ambulance and Emergency Medicine: Mobile IoT in the 6G Era 391Bernard Fong, Alvis Fong, Haesik Kim, Vyasa Sai, and Chi Kwong li16.1 Introduction 39116.2 IoT in Emergency Medicine 39216.3 Integration and Compatibility 40016.4 Case Study: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 40516.5 Smart Ambulance Challenges 41016.6 Moving into the 6G Era 41116.7 Conclusions 413References 41417 Smart Connected Homes 419Joseph Bugeja, Andreas Jacobsson, and Paul Davidsson17.1 Introduction 41917.2 The Smart Connected Home Domain 42017.3 Smart Connected Home Systems 42217.4 The Smart Connected Home Technologies 42517.5 Smart Connected Home Architectures 43017.6 Smart Connected Home Challenges and Research Directions 43217.7 Conclusions 435Acknowledgments 435References 43618 The Internet of Flying Things 439Daniel Fernando Pigatto, Mariana Rodrigues, João Vitor de Carvalho Fontes, Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto, James Smith, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco18.1 Introduction 43918.2 Flying Things 44018.3 The Internet of Flying Things 44218.4 Challenges 44918.5 Case Studies 45518.6 Conclusions 461Acknowledgments 462References 46219 Internet of Military Things and Weaponized AI: Technology in the Age of Conflict 465Jan Sliwa19.1 Introduction 46519.2 Military Systems: Basic Elements 46619.3 Military Applications: Selected Topics 47319.4 AI Governance: Legal and Ethical Ramifications 49019.5 Conclusion 492References 493Part IV Security and Privacy 49520 Security Mechanisms and Technologies for Constrained IoT Devices 497Marco Tiloca and Shahid Raza20.1 Introduction 49720.2 Security in IoT Protocols and Technologies 49820.3 Security Issues and Solutions 50720.4 Conclusion 517References 51721 Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 523Göran Pulkkis, Jonny Karlsson, and Magnus Westerlund21.1 Introduction 52321.2 Regulatory Requirements 52421.3 Blockchain Technology 52621.4 Blockchains and IoT Systems 52821.5 Examples of Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 52821.6 Challenges and Future Research 53521.7 Conclusions 535References 53622 Authentication Methods for the Internet of Things: Pre- and Post-Quantum Computing 539Farnaz Farid, Ala Al-Areqi, Fariza Sabrina, and Farhad Ahamed22.1 Introduction 53922.2 Pre-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 54122.3 Quantum Computing and its Impact on IoT Security 54722.4 Post-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 54922.5 Post-Quantum Authentication and IoT Applications 55422.6 Hybrid Authentication Approach for Enhanced Security 55622.7 Future Directions and Challenges 55822.8 Conclusion 560References 56123 On the Role of Dynamic Trust Management in the Evolving Internet of Things 565Brian Lee, Muhammad Babar Imtiaz, Kieran McLaughlin, and Yuhang Ye23.1 Introduction 56523.2 Trust Concepts 56723.3 Dynamic Trust Management in IT/OT Convergence 57023.4 Dynamic Trust Management 57323.5 Dynamic Trust Management for IoT 57723.6 Dynamic Trust in Internet of Sociable Autonomous Things 58223.7 Conclusion 586References 586Part V Practical Implementations and Tutorials 58924 A Tutorial Introduction to IoT Design and Prototyping with Examples 591ManuelMeruje,MusaG.Samaila,JoãoB.F.Sequeiros,VirginiaN.L.Franqueira, Mário M. Freire, and Pedro R. M. Inácio24.1 Introduction 59124.2 Main Features of IoT Hardware Development Platforms 59224.3 Design and Prototyping of IoT Applications 60424.4 Projects on IoT Applications 60724.5 Conclusion 619Acknowledgments 620References 62025 A Tutorial on IoT Streaming Data Pipelines: The What, Why, and How 625Qusay F. Hassan and Neha Pandey25.1 Introduction 62525.2 Overview of Streaming Data Pipelines 62625.3 Foundational Technologies for IoT Streaming Data Pipelines 63225.4 Demonstration: How to Build an IoT Streaming Data Pipeline 64125.5 Conclusion 654References 655Glossary 659Index 677