Microbial Colorants

Luqman Jameel Rather, PhD, is a postdoctoral scientist at the College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. He has published over 60 research articles in international journals of repute and edited two books. He is an active member of many research organizations and organizes both national and international conferences. His research interests include functional finishing of textile materials, thermodynamic and kinetic adsorption studies of natural colorants on wool fiber, and nanoparticle-biopolymers. Mohammad Shahid, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, and book chapters, as well as several books. He has also received several esteemed fellowships to support his research pursuits, including grants from the Indian University Grants Commission, a Chinese Postdoctoral Fellowship, an EU Marie Curie Fellowship, and a Dr. D.S. Kothari Fellowship. Salman Jameel, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He is a dedicated researcher in the field of natural products and medicinal chemistry with expertise in isolation, characterization, and structural modifications of bioactive natural compounds. Over the years, he has contributed significantly to scientific literature, with multiple publications in peer-reviewed journals, covering topics such as neuroprotective compounds, antibacterial agents, and novel synthetic methodologies.

• Preface xixAcknowledgement xxiPart I: Microbial Pigment Sources and Diversity 11 Introduction to Microbial Colorants 3Luqman Jameel Rather, Shazia Shaheen Mir and Zeenat Islam1.1 Background and Significance 31.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments 51.3 Industrial Applications of Microbial Pigments 141.4 Conclusion 23References 232 Bacterial Pigments: Diversity and Biosynthesis Pathways 33Iqra Hakeem, Ayesha Ubaid, Mohan Kamthan, Mohammad Abid and Asghar Ali2.1 Introduction 342.2 Diversity of Bacterial Pigments 352.3 Applications of Bacterial Pigments 442.4 Future Research 462.5 Conclusion 47Acknowledgments 47References 473 Fungal Pigments: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Colors 51Taiyaba Nimra Ansari, Sanjeeda Iqbal and Aastha Shrivastava3.1 Introduction 513.2 What are Fungal Pigments? 523.3 Why Fungal Pigments? 523.4 Source of Fungal Pigments 533.5 Extraction Methods of Fungal Pigments 653.6 Applications of Fungal Pigments 673.7 Limitations and Challenges 713.8 Mycotoxicity Testing 713.9 Conclusion 72References 724 Algal and Cyanobacterial Colorants: From Chlorophyll to Phycocyanin 81Tugce Mutaf-Kılıc and Suphi S. Oncel4.1 Introduction 814.2 Microalgae Pigments 834.3 Production and Extraction Methodologies for Enhancement the Pigment Productivity 864.4 Industrial Applications and Market Trends of Microalgae Pigments 934.5 Sustainability of Microalgae Pigments and Future Perspectives 954.6 Conclusion 99References 1005 Nonconventional Microbial Sources—Yeast, Actinomycetes, Archaea 107Shruthi Prakash H. P., Sangeetha Gowda K. R. and Sunil S. More5.1 Introduction 1085.2 Nonconventional Microbes 1095.3 Nonconventional Hosts with Important Industrial Applications 1175.4 Genetic Engineering Tools for Nonconventional Microbes 1185.5 Software Packaging Tools for CRISPR Screen Evaluation 1215.6 Comprehensive Understanding of Genetic Modification Tools on Microbial Nonconventional Platforms 1225.7 Conclusion 124References 125Part II: Chemistry of Microbial Pigments 1296 Introduction to Chemistry of Microbial Colorants: Structures, Properties, and Biosynthesis 131P. Vitha Ramesh, Sangeetha Gowda K. R. and Sunil S. More6.1 Introduction 1326.2 Isoprenoid Pigments 1326.3 Flavins 1386.4 Tetrapyrrole-Containing Pigments 1426.5 Alkaloid Pigments 1486.6 Polyketide Pigments 1566.7 Phenol-Containing Pigments 1616.8 Melanins 1626.9 Siderophores 1646.10 Conclusion and Future Prospectives 169References 1697 Microbial Pigment Extraction and Purification Techniques 177Mariana B. N. Alves and Jorge F. B. Pereira7.1 Introduction 1777.2 Solid–Liquid Extraction Techniques 1787.3 Purification of Microbial Pigments 1857.4 Polishing Operations 1877.5 Conclusions 187Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing 188Acknowledgements 188References 1888 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Pigments: Eco-Friendly Techniques and Applications 193Gazi Farhan Ishraque Toki, Rony Mia and Rezaul Karim Khan Alave8.1 Introduction 1938.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments 1958.3 Extraction Techniques 2008.4 Purification Techniques 2058.5 Applications 2068.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 2118.7 Conclusions 212References 2139 Chlorophylls: The Verdant World of Photosynthetic Pigments 223Mohamed Mendili and Ayda Khadhri9.1 Introduction 2239.2 Photosynthesis Types 2259.3 Photosynthetic Micro-Organisms 2269.4 Structural Diversity of Chlorophyll 2269.5 Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) 2309.6 Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway 2329.7 Enzymes Implicated in Chlorophyll Pathways 2339.8 The Function of Chlorophylls in Microbes 2339.9 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Chlorophylls 2349.10 Prospects for Research and Applications 2359.11 Conclusion 235References 23610 Phycobiliproteins: Algal and Cyanobacterial Pigments Radiating Vivid Colors 241Ajay Nair, Archana S. Rao, Bibi Ayesha, Hima A. Salu, Qurba Ashraf, Aisiri S. Hebbar, Yuktha K., Paras Khadyal, Poulamee S., Veena S. M. and Sunil S. More10.1 Introduction 24110.2 Phycobiliproteins- Types and the Structural Architecture 24210.3 Biosynthesis of Phycobiliprotein 24410.4 Phycobiliproteins: Production Modus Operandi 24510.5 Applications of Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) 25210.6 Conclusion 254References 25511 From Cells to Pigments: A Comprehensive Overview of Microbial Flavin Production and Applications of the Yellow Pigments 261Shashwata Mainak, Nilendu Basak, Ankita Chatterjee, Ekramul Islam and Atif Aziz Chowdhury11.1 Introduction 26211.2 Sources of Natural Yellow Pigment 26311.3 Biosynthesis of Microbial Yellow Pigment 26411.4 Synthesis Optimization of Microbial Yellow Pigment 26611.5 Applications of Yellow Pigment 26711.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 269References 27012 Polyketides: Complex Pigments From Microbes with Medicinal Potential 275Poorniammal R., Prabhu S. and Dufossé L.12.1 Introduction 27512.2 Polyketide Biosynthesis 27612.3 Polyketide Pigment from Insects 27712.4 Polyketide Pigment from Microbes 27712.5 Conclusion 283References 28313 Amino Acid–Derived Pigments: Microbial Mastery in Coloration 287Taniya Roy, Nilendu Basak, Shashwata Mainak and Ekramul Islam13.1 Introduction 28813.2 Different Types of Amino Acid–Derived Pigments 28813.3 Technical Challenges and Possible Solutions 29713.4 Circular Economy and Waste Valorization 29813.5 Conclusion 298References 29914 Cyclic Peptides and Betalains: Microbial Pigments Unveiling Nature’s Structural Elegance and Colorful Palette 305A Z M Mofasser, Md Imran Howlader, Md Mahbubul Alam, Nadim Ibn Sayed and Rony Mia14.1 Introduction 30514.2 Cyclic Peptides 30614.3 Betalains 31814.4 Elucidation Techniques for Determining Molecular Structure 32514.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 328References 32915 Indigoid Pigments: Unveiling the Blues and Violets of Microbial Artistry 345A Z M Mofasser, Nadim Ibn Sayed, Md Imran Howlader and Rony Mia15.1 Introduction 34515.2 Chronicles of Discovery of Indigoid Pigments 34615.3 Diversity of Indigoid Pigments 34815.4 Characteristics of Indigoid Pigments 35015.5 Sources of Natural Indigoid Pigments 35015.6 Extraction Technique of Indigoid Pigment from Plant Sources 35215.7 Biosynthesis of Indigoid Pigments 35315.8 Applications and Uses 35615.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives 35815.10 Conclusion 359References 359Part III: Applications and Sustainable Impacts 36716 Microbial Pigments in Cosmetics and Personal Care 369Poorniammal R., Prabhu S., Jernisha J. and Dufossé L.16.1 Introduction 37016.2 Analysis of Current Market Trends in the Cosmetics Industry 37016.3 The Impact of Synthetic Pigments on the Health of Cosmetics 37116.4 Plant-Derived Pigments 37216.5 Microbial-Derived Natural Pigments 37316.6 Utilization of Microbial Pigments for Cosmetic Purposes 37916.7 Conclusion 380References 38117 Microbial Pigments in Fashion, Art, and Packaging 385Shahid Adeel, Zafer Ozomay, Meral Ozomay, Guzal Massadikova and Sidra Nasir17.1 Introduction 38517.2 Microbial Pigments 38617.3 Use of Microbial Pigments in Fashion and Textile 38817.4 Use of Microbial Pigments in Art 39017.5 Use of Microbial Pigments in Packaging 39017.6 Conclusions 391References 39118 Microbial Colorants for Eco-Friendly Textile Coloration 397Alexandre M. S. Jorge and Jorge F. B. Pereira18.1 Textile Industry Overview 39818.2 Synthetic Dyes in Textile Dyeing and Printing 39918.3 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Dyeing 40318.4 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Printing 40718.5 Emerging Dyeing and Printing Techniques 40818.6 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives 410Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing 411Acknowledgments 411References 41219 Microbial Colorants for Sustainable Dyeing and Printing of Textiles 417Md. Mazharul Haque, Tamjida Islam, Iffat Ara Anannya, Noor-E-Farzana Annesha and Mohammad Tajul Islam19.1 Introduction 41719.2 Colorants Used in Textile Industry 41919.3 Dyeing Procedure 42319.4 Microbial Pigments in Textile Printing 43419.5 Challenges and Opportunities for the Industrial Application of Microbial Pigments 44119.6 Conclusion 442References 44220 Microbial Colorants in Technological Advancements: From Sensors to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 447Tamjida Islam, Iffat Ara Anannya, Yousuf Mahmud, Sayef Ahmed and Mohammad Tajul Islam20.1 Introduction 44720.2 Microbial Colorants in Colorimetric Sensors 44820.3 Microbial Colorants in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 46020.4 Conclusion 482References 48321 Microbiological Colorants in Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Sensors 487Manisha Sheoran21.1 Introduction 48821.2 Importance of Microbial Colorants 49021.3 Literature Review 49121.4 Conclusion 496References 49722 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects of Microbial Pigment Production 499Noor-E-Farzana Annesha, Iffat Ara Anannya, Md. Mazharul Haque and Mohammad Tajul Islam22.1 Introduction 49922.2 Why it is Important to Consider Sustainability Aspects? 50022.3 What Domains of Sustainability are to Consider? 50222.4 Different Stages of Microbial Pigment Production and their Sustainable Aspects 50522.5 Pigment from Plant vs Microorganisms 51822.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Microbial Pigment Production 52022.7 Different Sustainable Aspects of Microbial Pigment in Different Industries 52222.8 Conclusion and Future Prosperity 525References 527Index 535