Hari Murthy, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has edited three books and published papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include data engineering and material science. Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD is an Associate Professor at Christ University, Bangalore, India. with more than 12 years of experience. He is a certified CISCO and Microsoft trainer in the Data Analytics domain. His areas of interest include data science, information security, computer forensics, data provenance, software engineering, and multiparty secret sharing. Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius. He has published several papers on his research interests in mobile and wireless communications, multimedia communications, networking and security, telecommunications applications development, Internet of Things, and AI. Aynur Unal, PhD is based in Stanford Medical School, Global Health Innovation Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. She has a strong engineering design and manufacturing background and is credited with developing the Acoustics Institute in conjunction with the NASA-AMES research fellowships. Now, her work revolves around social entrepreneurial projects benefitting needy children and the elderly.

• Preface xxiPart 1: Healthcare Practices with AR and VR 11 Revolutionizing Patient Care: Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications in Healthcare 3M. Mary Adline Priya1.1 Introduction: The Rise of XR in Healthcare 41.2 Transforming Medical Education and Training 81.3 Enhancing Surgical Planning and Precision 91.4 Redefining Patient Care and Management 101.5 Advancing Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 121.6 Addressing Mental Health Needs 141.7 Ethical Considerations and Challenges 161.8 The Road Ahead: Future Directions of AR/VR in Healthcare 171.9 Economic Implications of AR/VR in Healthcare 191.10 Regulatory Landscape of AR/VR in Healthcare 201.11 Social and Cultural Considerations of AR/VR in Healthcare 221.12 Case Studies: AR/VR Transforming Healthcare Delivery 231.13 Conclusion: A New Era of Patient-Centered Care 272 Transformation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Healthcare for Breast Cancer: A Survey 31Mahalakshmi V. and Sasikala G.2.1 Introduction 322.2 Introduction to AR and VR Technologies 342.3 Significance of AR and VR in Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Imaging 392.4 Related Works 412.5 AI Integration with AR and VR in Breast Cancer Treatment 512.6 Challenges and Future Scope 522.7 Conclusion 533 Revolutionizing Mental Healthcare Through AR/VR Technologies 57Jacob Tizhe Liberty and Shilni Jacob Liberty3.1 Introduction 583.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Mental Health 583.3 Virtual Reality for Psychological Treatment 613.4 AR/VR in Psychiatric Diagnostics and Assessment 633.5 Teletherapy and Remote Mental Healthcare 653.6 Addressing Stigma and Increasing Accessibility 673.7 Ethical and Privacy Considerations 693.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 713.9 Challenges and Opportunities 743.10 Conclusion 764 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology: Innovations in Detection and Diagnosis 85Naman Chauhan, Gesu Thakur, Ankush Joshi, Vikash Kumar and Yashvir Singh4.1 Introduction to Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology 864.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Urology 914.3 Utilizing Virtual Reality for Training and Simulation in Urology 974.4 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Patient Care and Rehabilitation 1054.5 Challenges and Future Directions 1084.6 Case Studies and Clinical Applications 1114.7 Conclusion 1135 Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Impact of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) Technologies 117Arati Chabukswar, Swimpy Pahuja and Savitri Kulkarni5.1 Introduction to AR and VR in Healthcare 1185.2 Technological Foundations 1215.3 Applications in Surgical Procedures 1305.4 Transforming Patient Education 1325.5 Chronic Disease Management 1365.6 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 1385.7 Virtual Clinical Trials and Research 1425.8 Obstacles and Difficulties in Implementation 1455.9 Conclusion 146Part 2: AI and Computational Intelligence in AR/VR Healthcare 1516 Leveraging Deep Learning for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Augmented and Virtual Reality Mental Healthcare Environments 153Manjunath Ramanna Lamani, Asha V. and Padmaja K.6.1 Introduction 1546.2 Background and Related Work 1566.3 Framework for ASD Detection in AR and VR 1596.4 Implementation and Methodology 1606.5 Results and Discussion 1636.6 Personalized Intervention Strategies 1676.7 Future Directions 1696.8 Conclusion 1727 Computational Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Stomatology 175Aleš Procházka, Saeid Sanei, Magdaléna Kloubcová, Tatjana Dostálová, Jindøich Charvát, Oldøich Vyšata, Danilo Mandic, Hana Charvátová and Vladimír Maøík7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Methods 1837.3 Results 1927.4 Discussion 1967.5 Conclusion 1967.6 Future Work 1988 Reality's New Frontier: Exploring AI-Powered AR and VR Applications in Healthcare 207Gesu Thankur, Bhupendra Singh Rawat, Hemendra Shankar Sharma and Ayush Vaishy8.1 Introduction 2088.2 Virtual Reality for Medical Procedure and Education 2108.3 AR and VR for Public Health and Prevention 2148.4 Virtual Reality for Mental Health Therapy 2168.5 AR and VR for Patient Education and Engagement 2198.6 Augmented Reality for Surgical Planning 2218.7 AR Medical Simulations 2248.8 AR Gamification for Patient Engagement 2268.9 AR Healthcare Remote Diagnostics 2288.10 AR and VR Drug Design and Discovery 2318.11 Conclusion 2339 Machine Learning–Based Disease Diagnosis and Treatment in Healthcare: A Review and Evaluation 239Chandrashekhar Bechoo and Avinash Mungur9.1 Introduction 2409.2 Background Study 2419.3 Research on Existing Systems with Critics 2539.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation 2629.5 Conclusion 27010 Enhancing Healthcare Through AI, AR, and VR: Integrating Human–Computer Interaction for Improved Teleconsultations and Diagnostic Accuracy 275Hans Johnson, Joshua Hayward, Joseph Vayalil Lawrence, Bayarbaatar Bold, Bijetri Biswas, Weiyi Li, Md Hassanuzzaman and Christopher Jacobs10.1 Introduction to AI, AR, and VR in Healthcare 27610.2 Technological Foundations and Innovations 27810.3 Improving Teleconsultations with AR and VR 28110.4 Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy through AI 28610.5 HCI Methods in Clinical AR/VR 28910.6 Ethical Implications of AI in VR and AR 29210.7 Future Directions and Concluding Thoughts 295Part 3: AR/VR Applications in Medical Education and Public Health 31511 Mixed Reality Applications in Public Healthcare Systems: A Scoping Study of Contemporary Approaches 317Olunike R. Abodunrin, Mobolaji T. Olagunju, Folahanmi T. Akinsolu, Mobayode O. Akinsolu, Olusola A. Ladokun and Oliver C. Ezechi11.1 Introduction 31811.2 Current Applications of MR in Healthcare 32111.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of MR in Healthcare and Challenges in LMICS 32511.4 Proposed Model for MR Integration in LMICs' Public Healthcare and Tailored Approaches for LMICs 33211.5 Conclusion 34012 Virtual Reality for Procedural Skill Training in Medical Education: An Exploratory Study 353Akash Gajanan Prabhune, Ragaviveka Gopalan, Chaithanya V.N. and Adith Chinnaswami12.1 Introduction 35412.2 Background 35612.3 Methods 35812.4 Results 36412.5 Discussion 36812.6 Conclusion 37413 From Concept to Clinic: Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Emerging Health Diagnostics with a Focus on Autism 381Smrity Prasad and Senthil Vadivu M.13.1 Introduction 38213.2 AR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38313.3 Technological Frameworks for Augmented Reality in Autism Therapy 38413.4 Case Study: Simulated Virtual Classroom 38513.5 Approaches for AR-Based Autism Treatment 38513.6 VR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38713.7 Conclusions 38914 Immersive Healthcare: Examining Virtual Reality's Revolutionary Potential Using Case Studies 393Sheena Angra and Bhanu Sharma14.1 Revolutionary Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 39414.2 Importance of Case Studies in Understanding VR's Role in Healthcare 39814.3 Case Studies on Medical Training 39914.4 Virtual Reality for Patient Therapy, Phobias Therapy, Persistent Pain, and Rehabilitation 40214.5 The Application of Virtual Reality (VR) for the Purpose of Visualizing Medical Concepts and Educating Patients 40414.6 Virtual Reality in Telemedicine and Telehealth 40614.7 AR and VR in Rural Healthcare 40614.8 Utilization of VR for Cutting-Edge Data Visualization and Medical Research 40814.9 Challenges and Possible Approaches 40914.10 Conclusion 411Part 4: Next-Gen Digital and Immersive Healthcare Ecosystems 41715 Integration of IoT, AI, and Metaverse Toward Healthcare 5.0: Navigating Future 419Rajeev Ranjan15.1 Introduction 42015.2 Advantages of Collaborative Working 42515.3 Literature Review of Collaborative Technologies in Healthcare Domain 42815.4 Current Challenges and Future Direction 43515.5 Conclusion 43816 Driving Healthcare 4.0 with Intelligent Connectivity 449Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, Aishani Radhakeesoon and Vladan Pantovic16.1 Introduction 45016.2 Healthcare 4.0—Evolution from 1.0 to 4.0 45316.3 Intelligent Connectivity—Components and Architecture 45716.4 Use Cases 46116.5 Use-Case Summary 46816.6 Conclusion 47017 Meditating in VR: Immersion, Perceived Interactivity, Positive Thinking, and Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults 475Biju Kunnumpurath, Vishnu Achutha Menon and Ajith Paul17.1 Introduction 47617.2 Review of Literature 48317.3 Methodology 48617.4 Results 48717.5 Discussions 49017.6 Conclusion 49318 Healthcare Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Future Directives, Challenges, and Prospects 499Sreeparnesh Sharma Sivadevuni and Naveen J.18.1 Introduction 50018.2 Exploring the Potential of Metaverse in Healthcare 50218.3 Role of Blockchain in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50418.4 Leveraging IoT in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50618.5 Challenges and Considerations 50718.6 Conclusion 50919 Upholding Patient Trust in Healthcare's Digital Realities: Safeguarding Data in Augmented and Virtual Systems 513Md. Afroz and Emmanuel Nyakwende19.1 Introduction 51419.2 Immersive Technologies in Healthcare: An Overview 51619.3 Privacy and Security Challenges in Immersive Healthcare 51919.4 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for Immersive Healthcare 52219.5 Multifaceted Defense Strategies 52519.6 User-Centric Design for Privacy and Security 53019.7 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 53319.8 Future Directions and Emerging Challenges 53619.9 Conclusion 538References 539Index 543

Hari Murthy, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has edited three books and published papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include data engineering and material science. Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD is an Associate Professor at Christ University, Bangalore, India. with more than 12 years of experience. He is a certified CISCO and Microsoft trainer in the Data Analytics domain. His areas of interest include data science, information security, computer forensics, data provenance, software engineering, and multiparty secret sharing. Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius. He has published several papers on his research interests in mobile and wireless communications, multimedia communications, networking and security, telecommunications applications development, Internet of Things, and AI. Aynur Unal, PhD is based in Stanford Medical School, Global Health Innovation Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. She has a strong engineering design and manufacturing background and is credited with developing the Acoustics Institute in conjunction with the NASA-AMES research fellowships. Now, her work revolves around social entrepreneurial projects benefitting needy children and the elderly.

• Preface xxiPart 1: Healthcare Practices with AR and VR 11 Revolutionizing Patient Care: Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications in Healthcare 3M. Mary Adline Priya1.1 Introduction: The Rise of XR in Healthcare 41.2 Transforming Medical Education and Training 81.3 Enhancing Surgical Planning and Precision 91.4 Redefining Patient Care and Management 101.5 Advancing Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 121.6 Addressing Mental Health Needs 141.7 Ethical Considerations and Challenges 161.8 The Road Ahead: Future Directions of AR/VR in Healthcare 171.9 Economic Implications of AR/VR in Healthcare 191.10 Regulatory Landscape of AR/VR in Healthcare 201.11 Social and Cultural Considerations of AR/VR in Healthcare 221.12 Case Studies: AR/VR Transforming Healthcare Delivery 231.13 Conclusion: A New Era of Patient-Centered Care 272 Transformation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Healthcare for Breast Cancer: A Survey 31Mahalakshmi V. and Sasikala G.2.1 Introduction 322.2 Introduction to AR and VR Technologies 342.3 Significance of AR and VR in Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Imaging 392.4 Related Works 412.5 AI Integration with AR and VR in Breast Cancer Treatment 512.6 Challenges and Future Scope 522.7 Conclusion 533 Revolutionizing Mental Healthcare Through AR/VR Technologies 57Jacob Tizhe Liberty and Shilni Jacob Liberty3.1 Introduction 583.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Mental Health 583.3 Virtual Reality for Psychological Treatment 613.4 AR/VR in Psychiatric Diagnostics and Assessment 633.5 Teletherapy and Remote Mental Healthcare 653.6 Addressing Stigma and Increasing Accessibility 673.7 Ethical and Privacy Considerations 693.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 713.9 Challenges and Opportunities 743.10 Conclusion 764 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology: Innovations in Detection and Diagnosis 85Naman Chauhan, Gesu Thakur, Ankush Joshi, Vikash Kumar and Yashvir Singh4.1 Introduction to Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology 864.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Urology 914.3 Utilizing Virtual Reality for Training and Simulation in Urology 974.4 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Patient Care and Rehabilitation 1054.5 Challenges and Future Directions 1084.6 Case Studies and Clinical Applications 1114.7 Conclusion 1135 Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Impact of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) Technologies 117Arati Chabukswar, Swimpy Pahuja and Savitri Kulkarni5.1 Introduction to AR and VR in Healthcare 1185.2 Technological Foundations 1215.3 Applications in Surgical Procedures 1305.4 Transforming Patient Education 1325.5 Chronic Disease Management 1365.6 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 1385.7 Virtual Clinical Trials and Research 1425.8 Obstacles and Difficulties in Implementation 1455.9 Conclusion 146Part 2: AI and Computational Intelligence in AR/VR Healthcare 1516 Leveraging Deep Learning for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Augmented and Virtual Reality Mental Healthcare Environments 153Manjunath Ramanna Lamani, Asha V. and Padmaja K.6.1 Introduction 1546.2 Background and Related Work 1566.3 Framework for ASD Detection in AR and VR 1596.4 Implementation and Methodology 1606.5 Results and Discussion 1636.6 Personalized Intervention Strategies 1676.7 Future Directions 1696.8 Conclusion 1727 Computational Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Stomatology 175Aleš Procházka, Saeid Sanei, Magdaléna Kloubcová, Tatjana Dostálová, Jindøich Charvát, Oldøich Vyšata, Danilo Mandic, Hana Charvátová and Vladimír Maøík7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Methods 1837.3 Results 1927.4 Discussion 1967.5 Conclusion 1967.6 Future Work 1988 Reality's New Frontier: Exploring AI-Powered AR and VR Applications in Healthcare 207Gesu Thankur, Bhupendra Singh Rawat, Hemendra Shankar Sharma and Ayush Vaishy8.1 Introduction 2088.2 Virtual Reality for Medical Procedure and Education 2108.3 AR and VR for Public Health and Prevention 2148.4 Virtual Reality for Mental Health Therapy 2168.5 AR and VR for Patient Education and Engagement 2198.6 Augmented Reality for Surgical Planning 2218.7 AR Medical Simulations 2248.8 AR Gamification for Patient Engagement 2268.9 AR Healthcare Remote Diagnostics 2288.10 AR and VR Drug Design and Discovery 2318.11 Conclusion 2339 Machine Learning–Based Disease Diagnosis and Treatment in Healthcare: A Review and Evaluation 239Chandrashekhar Bechoo and Avinash Mungur9.1 Introduction 2409.2 Background Study 2419.3 Research on Existing Systems with Critics 2539.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation 2629.5 Conclusion 27010 Enhancing Healthcare Through AI, AR, and VR: Integrating Human–Computer Interaction for Improved Teleconsultations and Diagnostic Accuracy 275Hans Johnson, Joshua Hayward, Joseph Vayalil Lawrence, Bayarbaatar Bold, Bijetri Biswas, Weiyi Li, Md Hassanuzzaman and Christopher Jacobs10.1 Introduction to AI, AR, and VR in Healthcare 27610.2 Technological Foundations and Innovations 27810.3 Improving Teleconsultations with AR and VR 28110.4 Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy through AI 28610.5 HCI Methods in Clinical AR/VR 28910.6 Ethical Implications of AI in VR and AR 29210.7 Future Directions and Concluding Thoughts 295Part 3: AR/VR Applications in Medical Education and Public Health 31511 Mixed Reality Applications in Public Healthcare Systems: A Scoping Study of Contemporary Approaches 317Olunike R. Abodunrin, Mobolaji T. Olagunju, Folahanmi T. Akinsolu, Mobayode O. Akinsolu, Olusola A. Ladokun and Oliver C. Ezechi11.1 Introduction 31811.2 Current Applications of MR in Healthcare 32111.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of MR in Healthcare and Challenges in LMICS 32511.4 Proposed Model for MR Integration in LMICs' Public Healthcare and Tailored Approaches for LMICs 33211.5 Conclusion 34012 Virtual Reality for Procedural Skill Training in Medical Education: An Exploratory Study 353Akash Gajanan Prabhune, Ragaviveka Gopalan, Chaithanya V.N. and Adith Chinnaswami12.1 Introduction 35412.2 Background 35612.3 Methods 35812.4 Results 36412.5 Discussion 36812.6 Conclusion 37413 From Concept to Clinic: Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Emerging Health Diagnostics with a Focus on Autism 381Smrity Prasad and Senthil Vadivu M.13.1 Introduction 38213.2 AR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38313.3 Technological Frameworks for Augmented Reality in Autism Therapy 38413.4 Case Study: Simulated Virtual Classroom 38513.5 Approaches for AR-Based Autism Treatment 38513.6 VR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38713.7 Conclusions 38914 Immersive Healthcare: Examining Virtual Reality's Revolutionary Potential Using Case Studies 393Sheena Angra and Bhanu Sharma14.1 Revolutionary Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 39414.2 Importance of Case Studies in Understanding VR's Role in Healthcare 39814.3 Case Studies on Medical Training 39914.4 Virtual Reality for Patient Therapy, Phobias Therapy, Persistent Pain, and Rehabilitation 40214.5 The Application of Virtual Reality (VR) for the Purpose of Visualizing Medical Concepts and Educating Patients 40414.6 Virtual Reality in Telemedicine and Telehealth 40614.7 AR and VR in Rural Healthcare 40614.8 Utilization of VR for Cutting-Edge Data Visualization and Medical Research 40814.9 Challenges and Possible Approaches 40914.10 Conclusion 411Part 4: Next-Gen Digital and Immersive Healthcare Ecosystems 41715 Integration of IoT, AI, and Metaverse Toward Healthcare 5.0: Navigating Future 419Rajeev Ranjan15.1 Introduction 42015.2 Advantages of Collaborative Working 42515.3 Literature Review of Collaborative Technologies in Healthcare Domain 42815.4 Current Challenges and Future Direction 43515.5 Conclusion 43816 Driving Healthcare 4.0 with Intelligent Connectivity 449Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, Aishani Radhakeesoon and Vladan Pantovic16.1 Introduction 45016.2 Healthcare 4.0—Evolution from 1.0 to 4.0 45316.3 Intelligent Connectivity—Components and Architecture 45716.4 Use Cases 46116.5 Use-Case Summary 46816.6 Conclusion 47017 Meditating in VR: Immersion, Perceived Interactivity, Positive Thinking, and Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults 475Biju Kunnumpurath, Vishnu Achutha Menon and Ajith Paul17.1 Introduction 47617.2 Review of Literature 48317.3 Methodology 48617.4 Results 48717.5 Discussions 49017.6 Conclusion 49318 Healthcare Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Future Directives, Challenges, and Prospects 499Sreeparnesh Sharma Sivadevuni and Naveen J.18.1 Introduction 50018.2 Exploring the Potential of Metaverse in Healthcare 50218.3 Role of Blockchain in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50418.4 Leveraging IoT in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50618.5 Challenges and Considerations 50718.6 Conclusion 50919 Upholding Patient Trust in Healthcare's Digital Realities: Safeguarding Data in Augmented and Virtual Systems 513Md. Afroz and Emmanuel Nyakwende19.1 Introduction 51419.2 Immersive Technologies in Healthcare: An Overview 51619.3 Privacy and Security Challenges in Immersive Healthcare 51919.4 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for Immersive Healthcare 52219.5 Multifaceted Defense Strategies 52519.6 User-Centric Design for Privacy and Security 53019.7 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 53319.8 Future Directions and Emerging Challenges 53619.9 Conclusion 538References 539Index 543

Hari Murthy, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has edited three books and published papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include data engineering and material science. Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD is an Associate Professor at Christ University, Bangalore, India. with more than 12 years of experience. He is a certified CISCO and Microsoft trainer in the Data Analytics domain. His areas of interest include data science, information security, computer forensics, data provenance, software engineering, and multiparty secret sharing. Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius. He has published several papers on his research interests in mobile and wireless communications, multimedia communications, networking and security, telecommunications applications development, Internet of Things, and AI. Aynur Unal, PhD is based in Stanford Medical School, Global Health Innovation Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. She has a strong engineering design and manufacturing background and is credited with developing the Acoustics Institute in conjunction with the NASA-AMES research fellowships. Now, her work revolves around social entrepreneurial projects benefitting needy children and the elderly.

• Preface xxiPart 1: Healthcare Practices with AR and VR 11 Revolutionizing Patient Care: Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications in Healthcare 3M. Mary Adline Priya1.1 Introduction: The Rise of XR in Healthcare 41.2 Transforming Medical Education and Training 81.3 Enhancing Surgical Planning and Precision 91.4 Redefining Patient Care and Management 101.5 Advancing Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 121.6 Addressing Mental Health Needs 141.7 Ethical Considerations and Challenges 161.8 The Road Ahead: Future Directions of AR/VR in Healthcare 171.9 Economic Implications of AR/VR in Healthcare 191.10 Regulatory Landscape of AR/VR in Healthcare 201.11 Social and Cultural Considerations of AR/VR in Healthcare 221.12 Case Studies: AR/VR Transforming Healthcare Delivery 231.13 Conclusion: A New Era of Patient-Centered Care 272 Transformation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Healthcare for Breast Cancer: A Survey 31Mahalakshmi V. and Sasikala G.2.1 Introduction 322.2 Introduction to AR and VR Technologies 342.3 Significance of AR and VR in Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Imaging 392.4 Related Works 412.5 AI Integration with AR and VR in Breast Cancer Treatment 512.6 Challenges and Future Scope 522.7 Conclusion 533 Revolutionizing Mental Healthcare Through AR/VR Technologies 57Jacob Tizhe Liberty and Shilni Jacob Liberty3.1 Introduction 583.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Mental Health 583.3 Virtual Reality for Psychological Treatment 613.4 AR/VR in Psychiatric Diagnostics and Assessment 633.5 Teletherapy and Remote Mental Healthcare 653.6 Addressing Stigma and Increasing Accessibility 673.7 Ethical and Privacy Considerations 693.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 713.9 Challenges and Opportunities 743.10 Conclusion 764 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology: Innovations in Detection and Diagnosis 85Naman Chauhan, Gesu Thakur, Ankush Joshi, Vikash Kumar and Yashvir Singh4.1 Introduction to Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology 864.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Urology 914.3 Utilizing Virtual Reality for Training and Simulation in Urology 974.4 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Patient Care and Rehabilitation 1054.5 Challenges and Future Directions 1084.6 Case Studies and Clinical Applications 1114.7 Conclusion 1135 Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Impact of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) Technologies 117Arati Chabukswar, Swimpy Pahuja and Savitri Kulkarni5.1 Introduction to AR and VR in Healthcare 1185.2 Technological Foundations 1215.3 Applications in Surgical Procedures 1305.4 Transforming Patient Education 1325.5 Chronic Disease Management 1365.6 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 1385.7 Virtual Clinical Trials and Research 1425.8 Obstacles and Difficulties in Implementation 1455.9 Conclusion 146Part 2: AI and Computational Intelligence in AR/VR Healthcare 1516 Leveraging Deep Learning for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Augmented and Virtual Reality Mental Healthcare Environments 153Manjunath Ramanna Lamani, Asha V. and Padmaja K.6.1 Introduction 1546.2 Background and Related Work 1566.3 Framework for ASD Detection in AR and VR 1596.4 Implementation and Methodology 1606.5 Results and Discussion 1636.6 Personalized Intervention Strategies 1676.7 Future Directions 1696.8 Conclusion 1727 Computational Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Stomatology 175Aleš Procházka, Saeid Sanei, Magdaléna Kloubcová, Tatjana Dostálová, Jindøich Charvát, Oldøich Vyšata, Danilo Mandic, Hana Charvátová and Vladimír Maøík7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Methods 1837.3 Results 1927.4 Discussion 1967.5 Conclusion 1967.6 Future Work 1988 Reality's New Frontier: Exploring AI-Powered AR and VR Applications in Healthcare 207Gesu Thankur, Bhupendra Singh Rawat, Hemendra Shankar Sharma and Ayush Vaishy8.1 Introduction 2088.2 Virtual Reality for Medical Procedure and Education 2108.3 AR and VR for Public Health and Prevention 2148.4 Virtual Reality for Mental Health Therapy 2168.5 AR and VR for Patient Education and Engagement 2198.6 Augmented Reality for Surgical Planning 2218.7 AR Medical Simulations 2248.8 AR Gamification for Patient Engagement 2268.9 AR Healthcare Remote Diagnostics 2288.10 AR and VR Drug Design and Discovery 2318.11 Conclusion 2339 Machine Learning–Based Disease Diagnosis and Treatment in Healthcare: A Review and Evaluation 239Chandrashekhar Bechoo and Avinash Mungur9.1 Introduction 2409.2 Background Study 2419.3 Research on Existing Systems with Critics 2539.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation 2629.5 Conclusion 27010 Enhancing Healthcare Through AI, AR, and VR: Integrating Human–Computer Interaction for Improved Teleconsultations and Diagnostic Accuracy 275Hans Johnson, Joshua Hayward, Joseph Vayalil Lawrence, Bayarbaatar Bold, Bijetri Biswas, Weiyi Li, Md Hassanuzzaman and Christopher Jacobs10.1 Introduction to AI, AR, and VR in Healthcare 27610.2 Technological Foundations and Innovations 27810.3 Improving Teleconsultations with AR and VR 28110.4 Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy through AI 28610.5 HCI Methods in Clinical AR/VR 28910.6 Ethical Implications of AI in VR and AR 29210.7 Future Directions and Concluding Thoughts 295Part 3: AR/VR Applications in Medical Education and Public Health 31511 Mixed Reality Applications in Public Healthcare Systems: A Scoping Study of Contemporary Approaches 317Olunike R. Abodunrin, Mobolaji T. Olagunju, Folahanmi T. Akinsolu, Mobayode O. Akinsolu, Olusola A. Ladokun and Oliver C. Ezechi11.1 Introduction 31811.2 Current Applications of MR in Healthcare 32111.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of MR in Healthcare and Challenges in LMICS 32511.4 Proposed Model for MR Integration in LMICs' Public Healthcare and Tailored Approaches for LMICs 33211.5 Conclusion 34012 Virtual Reality for Procedural Skill Training in Medical Education: An Exploratory Study 353Akash Gajanan Prabhune, Ragaviveka Gopalan, Chaithanya V.N. and Adith Chinnaswami12.1 Introduction 35412.2 Background 35612.3 Methods 35812.4 Results 36412.5 Discussion 36812.6 Conclusion 37413 From Concept to Clinic: Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Emerging Health Diagnostics with a Focus on Autism 381Smrity Prasad and Senthil Vadivu M.13.1 Introduction 38213.2 AR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38313.3 Technological Frameworks for Augmented Reality in Autism Therapy 38413.4 Case Study: Simulated Virtual Classroom 38513.5 Approaches for AR-Based Autism Treatment 38513.6 VR-Based Autism Diagnosis 38713.7 Conclusions 38914 Immersive Healthcare: Examining Virtual Reality's Revolutionary Potential Using Case Studies 393Sheena Angra and Bhanu Sharma14.1 Revolutionary Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 39414.2 Importance of Case Studies in Understanding VR's Role in Healthcare 39814.3 Case Studies on Medical Training 39914.4 Virtual Reality for Patient Therapy, Phobias Therapy, Persistent Pain, and Rehabilitation 40214.5 The Application of Virtual Reality (VR) for the Purpose of Visualizing Medical Concepts and Educating Patients 40414.6 Virtual Reality in Telemedicine and Telehealth 40614.7 AR and VR in Rural Healthcare 40614.8 Utilization of VR for Cutting-Edge Data Visualization and Medical Research 40814.9 Challenges and Possible Approaches 40914.10 Conclusion 411Part 4: Next-Gen Digital and Immersive Healthcare Ecosystems 41715 Integration of IoT, AI, and Metaverse Toward Healthcare 5.0: Navigating Future 419Rajeev Ranjan15.1 Introduction 42015.2 Advantages of Collaborative Working 42515.3 Literature Review of Collaborative Technologies in Healthcare Domain 42815.4 Current Challenges and Future Direction 43515.5 Conclusion 43816 Driving Healthcare 4.0 with Intelligent Connectivity 449Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, Aishani Radhakeesoon and Vladan Pantovic16.1 Introduction 45016.2 Healthcare 4.0—Evolution from 1.0 to 4.0 45316.3 Intelligent Connectivity—Components and Architecture 45716.4 Use Cases 46116.5 Use-Case Summary 46816.6 Conclusion 47017 Meditating in VR: Immersion, Perceived Interactivity, Positive Thinking, and Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults 475Biju Kunnumpurath, Vishnu Achutha Menon and Ajith Paul17.1 Introduction 47617.2 Review of Literature 48317.3 Methodology 48617.4 Results 48717.5 Discussions 49017.6 Conclusion 49318 Healthcare Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Future Directives, Challenges, and Prospects 499Sreeparnesh Sharma Sivadevuni and Naveen J.18.1 Introduction 50018.2 Exploring the Potential of Metaverse in Healthcare 50218.3 Role of Blockchain in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50418.4 Leveraging IoT in the Metaverse for Healthcare 50618.5 Challenges and Considerations 50718.6 Conclusion 50919 Upholding Patient Trust in Healthcare's Digital Realities: Safeguarding Data in Augmented and Virtual Systems 513Md. Afroz and Emmanuel Nyakwende19.1 Introduction 51419.2 Immersive Technologies in Healthcare: An Overview 51619.3 Privacy and Security Challenges in Immersive Healthcare 51919.4 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for Immersive Healthcare 52219.5 Multifaceted Defense Strategies 52519.6 User-Centric Design for Privacy and Security 53019.7 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 53319.8 Future Directions and Emerging Challenges 53619.9 Conclusion 538References 539Index 543