Surajit Mondal, PhD is teaching at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. He has published eight books, over 50 international research articles as an author or co-author, and 85 patents, 20 of which were granted. His research interests include optimization of renewable energy, biofuels, and solar thermal technologies. Adesh Kumar, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with over 15 years of experience. He has published five books and over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences in addition to chairing over 200 conference sessions. His research interests include embedded systems, digital image processing, and telecommunications. Mudassir Khan, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at Multimedia University and a co-supervisor for Postgraduate Studies at Lincoln University College with over 13 years of experience. He has published over 80 research articles and more than 10 editorial books and authored four books, inspiring many in technology and education. His research interests include big data, deep learning, and AI, particularly in medical imaging.

• Preface xv1 Digital Twins: Driving Innovation Through Virtual Optimization – A Systematic Review 1Supriya, Vansh Joshi, Yash Singhal, Mudit Kumar and Parth Sharma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 71.3 Applications and Use Cases 101.4 Challenges and Limitations 121.5 Future Trends and Research Directions 131.6 Conclusion 142 Core Principles and Applications of Digital Twins 17Nitin Cholkar and Nitin Mahankale2.1 Introduction 182.2 History and Evolution of Digital Twins 182.3 Key Components of Digital Twins 202.4 Types of Digital Twins 212.5 Digital Twin Architecture 242.6 Interaction between Physical and Digital Components 262.7 Data Flow and Management 282.8 Digital Twin Frameworks 292.9 Role of Cloud Computing in Digital Twins 312.10 Data Collection and Integration 323 ESG 2.0: Evolving Foundations and Strategies 39Nitin Mahankale and Nitin Cholkar3.1 Introduction to ESG and Its Evolution 393.2 Scope 403.3 From ESG 1.0 to ESG 2.0 Evolution 403.4 Key Drivers and Trends Influencing ESG 2.0 413.5 The Core Areas of ESG 2.0 433.6 Conclusion 534 Fundamentals of Digital Twins 57Vineet Kumar and Ujjwal4.1 Introduction 584.2 Evolution of Digital Twins 594.3 Types of Digital Twins 604.4 Classification of DT Based on Their Applications 624.5 Steps Involved in Creating DT 634.6 Characteristics of DT 644.7 Advantages of DT 644.8 Disadvantages of DT 654.9 Key Enablers 654.10 Applications of DT 675 Machine Learning Lending a Hand to ESG: A Case Study on CO 2 Emissions 75Supriya, Vriti Amit Khandelwal, Kushagar Sharma and Vasu Sharma5.1 Introduction 755.2 Evolution of ESG 785.3 Applications of ESG 805.4 Challenges and Limitations of ESG 825.5 Case Study 835.6 Conclusion 866 A Comprehensive Review on Digital Initiatives Fostering Improvements in Solar PV Systems 89Sivasankari Sundaram, Almas and Pavan Darbha6.1 Introduction 906.2 Digital Model Applications in the Field of Solar PV Industry 946.3 Digital Twin of Solar PV Plant 1196.4 Conclusion 1217 The Convergence of AI, ML, and Digital Twins in Shaping the Future of ESG 129Aaryan Gupta, Preeti Narooka, Ishani Lohar and Mansi Amarnani7.1 Introduction 1307.2 Understanding Digital Twins 1307.3 AI and ML Technologies 1337.4 Integration of AI, ML, and Digital Twins 1397.5 Impact on ESG Metrics and Reporting 1417.6 Innovations and Future Directions 1457.7 Challenges and Considerations 1487.8 Conclusion 1548 A Roadmap for Sustainable Industry: Merging ESG, Digital Twin, and Circular Economy Practices 159Adith Kumar and Harshit Tiwari8.1 Introduction 1608.2 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) 1618.3 Digital Twin Technology 1668.4 Circular Economy 1698.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1758.6 Conclusion 1869 Waste Biomass to Bioenergy with Regulatory Framework for a Sustainable Economy 189Debajyoti Bose, Riya Bhattacharya, Rashmi Raj, L. S. Pranathi Ganti, Abhijeeta Sarkar and Margavelu Gopinath9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Biowaste Sources 1919.3 Bioengineering Techniques for Biowaste Conversion to Bioenergy 1989.4 Social Impact of Bioenergy Products 2019.5 Bio-Circular Economy for Sustainable Bioenergy Production 2109.6 Future Perspective 22010 An Automated System to Identify and Detect the Faults in Bottle Cap Production and Visual Inspection Using Raspberry Pi 227Shaik Asif Hussain, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, Shaik Javeed Hussain and Yu-Chen Hu10.1 Introduction 22810.2 Existing Techniques and Proposed Approach 23110.3 Design and Implementation 23410.4 System Validation 23910.5 Conclusion 24311 DDoS Detection Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 247Ajmeera Kiran, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, B. P. Santosh Kumar and Mohammad Mazhar Nezami11.1 Introduction 24811.2 Existing System 25211.3 Proposed System 25511.4 Conclusion 26612 Enhanced Encryption and Digital Signature Scheme Utilizing EC-Based Encryption and Multi-Chaotic Pseudo Random Generation 269Mudassir Khan, S.Z. Parveen, Shaik Karimullah and Barga Mohammed Mujahid12.1 Introduction 27012.2 Literature Review 27212.3 Proposed Methodology 27612.4 Simulation Results 28012.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 28813 Utilization of Waste for Production of Nanomaterials: An Industry 4.0 Approach of Waste to Wealth 293Dip Jyoti Sardar, Parna Ganguli, Arpita Ghosh and Surabhi Chaudhuri13.1 Introduction 29413.2 Critical Review 29513.3 Conclusions, Recommendations, Future Perspectives 31214 Factors Affecting Sanitation Behavior Among Rural Communities in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review 321Arpita Ghosh, Puneet Sharma and Parul Malik14.1 Introduction 32214.2 Research Methodology 32514.3 Literature Review 34714.4 Recommendations and Conclusion 37015 Assessing the Comparison of Environmental and Social Governance (ESG) Performance of Tourism Companies Worldwide 379Arpita Ghosh, Abhishek Kumar and Ananya Das15.1 Introduction 38015.2 Methodology 3815.3 Literature Discussion 38215.4 Secondary Data and Discussion 38415.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 39116 Ion Beam Induced PMMA-Based Corrosion-Resistant Hydrophobic Coating on a Metal Substrate 399Udit Gupta, Kailash Pandey, Rakesh Jain and Rajeev Gupta16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Experimental 40116.3 Results and Discussion 40216.4 Conclusion 407References 408Index 411

Surajit Mondal, PhD is teaching at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. He has published eight books, over 50 international research articles as an author or co-author, and 85 patents, 20 of which were granted. His research interests include optimization of renewable energy, biofuels, and solar thermal technologies. Adesh Kumar, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with over 15 years of experience. He has published five books and over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences in addition to chairing over 200 conference sessions. His research interests include embedded systems, digital image processing, and telecommunications. Mudassir Khan, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at Multimedia University and a co-supervisor for Postgraduate Studies at Lincoln University College with over 13 years of experience. He has published over 80 research articles and more than 10 editorial books and authored four books, inspiring many in technology and education. His research interests include big data, deep learning, and AI, particularly in medical imaging.

• Preface xv1 Digital Twins: Driving Innovation Through Virtual Optimization – A Systematic Review 1Supriya, Vansh Joshi, Yash Singhal, Mudit Kumar and Parth Sharma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 71.3 Applications and Use Cases 101.4 Challenges and Limitations 121.5 Future Trends and Research Directions 131.6 Conclusion 142 Core Principles and Applications of Digital Twins 17Nitin Cholkar and Nitin Mahankale2.1 Introduction 182.2 History and Evolution of Digital Twins 182.3 Key Components of Digital Twins 202.4 Types of Digital Twins 212.5 Digital Twin Architecture 242.6 Interaction between Physical and Digital Components 262.7 Data Flow and Management 282.8 Digital Twin Frameworks 292.9 Role of Cloud Computing in Digital Twins 312.10 Data Collection and Integration 323 ESG 2.0: Evolving Foundations and Strategies 39Nitin Mahankale and Nitin Cholkar3.1 Introduction to ESG and Its Evolution 393.2 Scope 403.3 From ESG 1.0 to ESG 2.0 Evolution 403.4 Key Drivers and Trends Influencing ESG 2.0 413.5 The Core Areas of ESG 2.0 433.6 Conclusion 534 Fundamentals of Digital Twins 57Vineet Kumar and Ujjwal4.1 Introduction 584.2 Evolution of Digital Twins 594.3 Types of Digital Twins 604.4 Classification of DT Based on Their Applications 624.5 Steps Involved in Creating DT 634.6 Characteristics of DT 644.7 Advantages of DT 644.8 Disadvantages of DT 654.9 Key Enablers 654.10 Applications of DT 675 Machine Learning Lending a Hand to ESG: A Case Study on CO 2 Emissions 75Supriya, Vriti Amit Khandelwal, Kushagar Sharma and Vasu Sharma5.1 Introduction 755.2 Evolution of ESG 785.3 Applications of ESG 805.4 Challenges and Limitations of ESG 825.5 Case Study 835.6 Conclusion 866 A Comprehensive Review on Digital Initiatives Fostering Improvements in Solar PV Systems 89Sivasankari Sundaram, Almas and Pavan Darbha6.1 Introduction 906.2 Digital Model Applications in the Field of Solar PV Industry 946.3 Digital Twin of Solar PV Plant 1196.4 Conclusion 1217 The Convergence of AI, ML, and Digital Twins in Shaping the Future of ESG 129Aaryan Gupta, Preeti Narooka, Ishani Lohar and Mansi Amarnani7.1 Introduction 1307.2 Understanding Digital Twins 1307.3 AI and ML Technologies 1337.4 Integration of AI, ML, and Digital Twins 1397.5 Impact on ESG Metrics and Reporting 1417.6 Innovations and Future Directions 1457.7 Challenges and Considerations 1487.8 Conclusion 1548 A Roadmap for Sustainable Industry: Merging ESG, Digital Twin, and Circular Economy Practices 159Adith Kumar and Harshit Tiwari8.1 Introduction 1608.2 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) 1618.3 Digital Twin Technology 1668.4 Circular Economy 1698.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1758.6 Conclusion 1869 Waste Biomass to Bioenergy with Regulatory Framework for a Sustainable Economy 189Debajyoti Bose, Riya Bhattacharya, Rashmi Raj, L. S. Pranathi Ganti, Abhijeeta Sarkar and Margavelu Gopinath9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Biowaste Sources 1919.3 Bioengineering Techniques for Biowaste Conversion to Bioenergy 1989.4 Social Impact of Bioenergy Products 2019.5 Bio-Circular Economy for Sustainable Bioenergy Production 2109.6 Future Perspective 22010 An Automated System to Identify and Detect the Faults in Bottle Cap Production and Visual Inspection Using Raspberry Pi 227Shaik Asif Hussain, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, Shaik Javeed Hussain and Yu-Chen Hu10.1 Introduction 22810.2 Existing Techniques and Proposed Approach 23110.3 Design and Implementation 23410.4 System Validation 23910.5 Conclusion 24311 DDoS Detection Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 247Ajmeera Kiran, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, B. P. Santosh Kumar and Mohammad Mazhar Nezami11.1 Introduction 24811.2 Existing System 25211.3 Proposed System 25511.4 Conclusion 26612 Enhanced Encryption and Digital Signature Scheme Utilizing EC-Based Encryption and Multi-Chaotic Pseudo Random Generation 269Mudassir Khan, S.Z. Parveen, Shaik Karimullah and Barga Mohammed Mujahid12.1 Introduction 27012.2 Literature Review 27212.3 Proposed Methodology 27612.4 Simulation Results 28012.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 28813 Utilization of Waste for Production of Nanomaterials: An Industry 4.0 Approach of Waste to Wealth 293Dip Jyoti Sardar, Parna Ganguli, Arpita Ghosh and Surabhi Chaudhuri13.1 Introduction 29413.2 Critical Review 29513.3 Conclusions, Recommendations, Future Perspectives 31214 Factors Affecting Sanitation Behavior Among Rural Communities in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review 321Arpita Ghosh, Puneet Sharma and Parul Malik14.1 Introduction 32214.2 Research Methodology 32514.3 Literature Review 34714.4 Recommendations and Conclusion 37015 Assessing the Comparison of Environmental and Social Governance (ESG) Performance of Tourism Companies Worldwide 379Arpita Ghosh, Abhishek Kumar and Ananya Das15.1 Introduction 38015.2 Methodology 3815.3 Literature Discussion 38215.4 Secondary Data and Discussion 38415.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 39116 Ion Beam Induced PMMA-Based Corrosion-Resistant Hydrophobic Coating on a Metal Substrate 399Udit Gupta, Kailash Pandey, Rakesh Jain and Rajeev Gupta16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Experimental 40116.3 Results and Discussion 40216.4 Conclusion 407References 408Index 411

Surajit Mondal, PhD is teaching at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. He has published eight books, over 50 international research articles as an author or co-author, and 85 patents, 20 of which were granted. His research interests include optimization of renewable energy, biofuels, and solar thermal technologies. Adesh Kumar, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with over 15 years of experience. He has published five books and over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences in addition to chairing over 200 conference sessions. His research interests include embedded systems, digital image processing, and telecommunications. Mudassir Khan, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at Multimedia University and a co-supervisor for Postgraduate Studies at Lincoln University College with over 13 years of experience. He has published over 80 research articles and more than 10 editorial books and authored four books, inspiring many in technology and education. His research interests include big data, deep learning, and AI, particularly in medical imaging.

• Preface xv1 Digital Twins: Driving Innovation Through Virtual Optimization – A Systematic Review 1Supriya, Vansh Joshi, Yash Singhal, Mudit Kumar and Parth Sharma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 71.3 Applications and Use Cases 101.4 Challenges and Limitations 121.5 Future Trends and Research Directions 131.6 Conclusion 142 Core Principles and Applications of Digital Twins 17Nitin Cholkar and Nitin Mahankale2.1 Introduction 182.2 History and Evolution of Digital Twins 182.3 Key Components of Digital Twins 202.4 Types of Digital Twins 212.5 Digital Twin Architecture 242.6 Interaction between Physical and Digital Components 262.7 Data Flow and Management 282.8 Digital Twin Frameworks 292.9 Role of Cloud Computing in Digital Twins 312.10 Data Collection and Integration 323 ESG 2.0: Evolving Foundations and Strategies 39Nitin Mahankale and Nitin Cholkar3.1 Introduction to ESG and Its Evolution 393.2 Scope 403.3 From ESG 1.0 to ESG 2.0 Evolution 403.4 Key Drivers and Trends Influencing ESG 2.0 413.5 The Core Areas of ESG 2.0 433.6 Conclusion 534 Fundamentals of Digital Twins 57Vineet Kumar and Ujjwal4.1 Introduction 584.2 Evolution of Digital Twins 594.3 Types of Digital Twins 604.4 Classification of DT Based on Their Applications 624.5 Steps Involved in Creating DT 634.6 Characteristics of DT 644.7 Advantages of DT 644.8 Disadvantages of DT 654.9 Key Enablers 654.10 Applications of DT 675 Machine Learning Lending a Hand to ESG: A Case Study on CO 2 Emissions 75Supriya, Vriti Amit Khandelwal, Kushagar Sharma and Vasu Sharma5.1 Introduction 755.2 Evolution of ESG 785.3 Applications of ESG 805.4 Challenges and Limitations of ESG 825.5 Case Study 835.6 Conclusion 866 A Comprehensive Review on Digital Initiatives Fostering Improvements in Solar PV Systems 89Sivasankari Sundaram, Almas and Pavan Darbha6.1 Introduction 906.2 Digital Model Applications in the Field of Solar PV Industry 946.3 Digital Twin of Solar PV Plant 1196.4 Conclusion 1217 The Convergence of AI, ML, and Digital Twins in Shaping the Future of ESG 129Aaryan Gupta, Preeti Narooka, Ishani Lohar and Mansi Amarnani7.1 Introduction 1307.2 Understanding Digital Twins 1307.3 AI and ML Technologies 1337.4 Integration of AI, ML, and Digital Twins 1397.5 Impact on ESG Metrics and Reporting 1417.6 Innovations and Future Directions 1457.7 Challenges and Considerations 1487.8 Conclusion 1548 A Roadmap for Sustainable Industry: Merging ESG, Digital Twin, and Circular Economy Practices 159Adith Kumar and Harshit Tiwari8.1 Introduction 1608.2 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) 1618.3 Digital Twin Technology 1668.4 Circular Economy 1698.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1758.6 Conclusion 1869 Waste Biomass to Bioenergy with Regulatory Framework for a Sustainable Economy 189Debajyoti Bose, Riya Bhattacharya, Rashmi Raj, L. S. Pranathi Ganti, Abhijeeta Sarkar and Margavelu Gopinath9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Biowaste Sources 1919.3 Bioengineering Techniques for Biowaste Conversion to Bioenergy 1989.4 Social Impact of Bioenergy Products 2019.5 Bio-Circular Economy for Sustainable Bioenergy Production 2109.6 Future Perspective 22010 An Automated System to Identify and Detect the Faults in Bottle Cap Production and Visual Inspection Using Raspberry Pi 227Shaik Asif Hussain, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, Shaik Javeed Hussain and Yu-Chen Hu10.1 Introduction 22810.2 Existing Techniques and Proposed Approach 23110.3 Design and Implementation 23410.4 System Validation 23910.5 Conclusion 24311 DDoS Detection Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 247Ajmeera Kiran, Mudassir Khan, J. Chinna Babu, B. P. Santosh Kumar and Mohammad Mazhar Nezami11.1 Introduction 24811.2 Existing System 25211.3 Proposed System 25511.4 Conclusion 26612 Enhanced Encryption and Digital Signature Scheme Utilizing EC-Based Encryption and Multi-Chaotic Pseudo Random Generation 269Mudassir Khan, S.Z. Parveen, Shaik Karimullah and Barga Mohammed Mujahid12.1 Introduction 27012.2 Literature Review 27212.3 Proposed Methodology 27612.4 Simulation Results 28012.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 28813 Utilization of Waste for Production of Nanomaterials: An Industry 4.0 Approach of Waste to Wealth 293Dip Jyoti Sardar, Parna Ganguli, Arpita Ghosh and Surabhi Chaudhuri13.1 Introduction 29413.2 Critical Review 29513.3 Conclusions, Recommendations, Future Perspectives 31214 Factors Affecting Sanitation Behavior Among Rural Communities in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review 321Arpita Ghosh, Puneet Sharma and Parul Malik14.1 Introduction 32214.2 Research Methodology 32514.3 Literature Review 34714.4 Recommendations and Conclusion 37015 Assessing the Comparison of Environmental and Social Governance (ESG) Performance of Tourism Companies Worldwide 379Arpita Ghosh, Abhishek Kumar and Ananya Das15.1 Introduction 38015.2 Methodology 3815.3 Literature Discussion 38215.4 Secondary Data and Discussion 38415.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 39116 Ion Beam Induced PMMA-Based Corrosion-Resistant Hydrophobic Coating on a Metal Substrate 399Udit Gupta, Kailash Pandey, Rakesh Jain and Rajeev Gupta16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Experimental 40116.3 Results and Discussion 40216.4 Conclusion 407References 408Index 411