Porous Membranes

Annarosa Gugliuzza, PhD is a senior researcher at the National Research Council of Italy. She has edited three books and authored and coauthored over 215 scientific publications, including articles, editorials, book chapters, technical reports, and one patent. She is also active in supervision and mentoring activities and serves as an editor and guest editor for several journals and special issues. Her research interests include membranes, nanofilms, coatings, and smart textiles. Wanqin Jin, PhD is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Nanjing Tech University, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Deputy Director of the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, and the Chief Scientist of the National Basic Research Program of China and a major program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published over 300 refereed journal publications and two monographs, contributed six book chapters, and has 40 authorized patents. His current research focuses on the development of membrane materials and processes.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgements xviiPart I: Basic Concepts on Porous Membranes 11 Porous Membranes: A Brief Introduction to Basics Concepts and Fields of Applications 3Annarosa Gugliuzza1.1 Introduction 41.2 Overview on Pore Size Concept and Transport Mechanisms 61.2.1 Poiseuille Flow 61.2.2 Knudsen Diffusion 71.2.3 Selective Surface Diffusion 81.2.4 Molecular Sieving 81.2.5 Solution-Diffusion Transport 91.2.6 Mixed Transport Mechanisms 111.2.7 Active and Assisted Transport 121.3 Porous Membranes for Membrane Processes 131.3.1 Microfiltration Membranes 141.3.2 Ultrafiltration Membranes 151.3.3 Nanofiltration Membranes 161.3.4 Reverse Osmosis Membranes 171.3.5 Membrane Contactors Processes 181.3.6 Gas Separation and Pervaporation Membranes 19Conclusions 21Acknowledgment 21References 222 Approaches to Characterize Pores in Membranes 27Amalia Gordano2.1 Introduction to Porous Membranes 272.2 Porosity 302.3 Methods to Estimate Porosity 342.3.1 Methods of Capillary Balance 352.3.2 Method of Permeation of Solutes 352.3.3 Method of Bubble Pressure 362.3.4 Method of Liquid-Liquid Porosimetry 372.3.5 Method of Permeability 382.3.6 Method of Gas Adsorption/Desorption 382.3.7 Method of Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry 392.3.8 Method of Thermometry 402.3.9 Method of Perporometry 402.3.10 Method of Positron Annihilation Duration Spectroscopy 412.3.11 Methods of Scatter Radiation 412.4 Microscopy Techniques 412.5 Conclusions 43References 44Part II: Sustainable Fabrication of High-Defined and Dynamic Membrane Pores 473 Smart Porous Membranes with Gating Pores for Responsive Separations 49Zhuang Liu and Liang-Yin Chu3.1 Introduction 493.2 Fabrication Approaches of Smart Membranes with Gating Pores 513.2.1 “Grafting From” Method 523.2.2 “Grafting To” Method 543.2.3 “Blending” Method 553.3 Stimuli-Responsive Separations 573.3.1 Smart Pores for Size Separations 573.3.2 Smart Pores for Affinity Separation 583.3.2.1 Hydrophobic Adsorption 583.3.2.2 Chiral Resolution 603.3.3.3 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 633.4 Summary and Outlook 66References 674 Development of Anion Exchange Membranes via Click Chemistry 73Binoy Maiti, Alex Abramov and David Díaz DíazAbbreviations 734.1 Introduction 744.2 Poly(2,6-Dimethyl Phenylene Oxide) (PPO)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes 754.3 Polysulfone-Based Exchange Membranes 864.4 Polystyrene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes 884.5 Poly(ionic Liquid)s-Based Anion Exchange Membrane 924.6 Conclusion 93Acknowledgment 93References 935 Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Porous Membrane Formation: Mechanisms and Applications 97Lucia Baldino and Stefano Cardea5.1 Introduction 975.2 Membranes Morphological Characteristics 985.3 Brief Overview on Traditional Membranes Formation Mechanisms and Applications 1005.4 Supercritical Phase Separation 1025.5 Main Application Fields of Membranes Produced by Supercritical Phase Separation 1055.6 Conclusions 107References 1076 Advanced Fabrication of Porous Membranes for Membrane Contactors Processes 111M. Frappa, F. Macedonio, E. Drioli and A. GugliuzzaNomenclature 112Greek symbols 112Subscript 1126.1 Introduction 1136.2 Membrane Contactors Technology: An Overview 1146.2.1 Membrane Distillation 1166.2.2 Osmotic Distillation 1206.2.3 Membrane Crystallization 1226.2.4 Membrane Emulsification 1246.2.5 Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors 1266.2.6 Membrane Condenser 1316.3 Membrane Morphology and Wetting Properties Relationships 1356.3.1 Pore Size and Distribution 1356.3.2 Surface Contact Angle 1376.4 Green Materials for More Sustainable Membrane Fabrication 1386.5 Manufacturing Procedures for Porous Membrane Fabrication 1406.5.1 Phase Separation 1406.5.1.1 Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation (nips) 1406.5.1.2 Vapor Induced Phase Separation (VIPS) 1426.5.1.3 Thermally-Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) 1446.5.2 Phase Separation and Micromolding 1456.5.3 Water Droplets Self-Assembly 1466.5.4 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers 1496.5.5 Electrospinning 1506.5.6 Track Etching 1526.5.7 3D Printed Membranes 1536.6 Compelling Case Studies for Water Desalination 1556.7 Conclusions 156References 157Part III: Recent Advances in Membrane Separations Based on Porous Materials 1737 Biotech Porous Membranes 175Qian Wang and Zhaoliang Cui7.1 Introduction to MBR 1757.1.1 What is an MBR? 1757.1.2 MBR Features 1777.1.3 Classification of MBR 1797.2 Membrane Materials for MBR 1817.2.1 Pvdf 1827.2.2 Pp 1867.2.3 Ptfe 1887.2.4 Ca 1917.3 Commercial-Scale MBR 1927.3.1 MBR Commercial Development Process 1927.3.2 Commercial MBR Technology 1947.3.2.1 Immersion FS Technology 1947.3.2.2 Immersion HF Technology 1967.3.2.3 External MBR Technology 2017.3.2.4 MABR Technology 202References 2048 Porous Imprinted Membranes for Recovering Targeted Compounds and Environmental Remediation 207Laura Donato8.1 Introduction 2088.2 Fundamentals of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 2108.3 Separation Mechanisms and Assessment of Selective Properties of MIMs 2168.4 Application of Porous Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 2208.4.1 Porous Molecularly Imprinted Membranes in Food Science 2208.4.1.1 Selective Separation of Bioactive Compounds 2218.4.1.2 Food Safety 2298.4.2 Water Remediation 2338.4.2.1 Removal of Pharmaceuticals 2348.4.2.2 Removal of Pesticides and Other Recalcitrant Contaminants 2408.5 Ion Imprinted Membranes and Removal of Ions 2478.6 Future and Perspectives 258References 2599 Few-Layer Materials in Porous Membranes for Advanced Water Desalination 275M. Frappa, G. Di Luca, E. Drioli and A. Gugliuzza9.1 Introduction 2769.2 Environmental Issues: Pollutant Source and Useful Membrane Strategies 2789.3 Water Desalination: From Traditional to Advanced Membrane Operations 2809.4 2D Materials for Next Generation Water Desalination 2849.5 Techniques of Exfoliation 2859.5.1 Electrochemical Exfoliation 2859.5.2 Micromechanical Cleavage 2869.5.3 Ball Milling 2869.5.4 Ultrasonication 2869.5.5 Shear Exfoliation 2879.5.6 Wet Jet Milling 2879.6 Few-Layers 2D Materials-Based Membranes and Water Treatment 2879.7 A Focus on Graphene-Based Membranes for Water Desalination 2909.7.1 Defective Graphene Confined in Polymeric Porous Membranes 2909.7.2 Graphene Membranes to Membrane Distillation Processes 2939.8 Few-Layered Graphene Nanochannels Like Ion Filtering 2979.9 Chalcogenides in Porous Confined Membranes for Water Desalination 2999.10 Water Desalination and Few-Layer Materials Within the Circular Economy Framework 302Acknowledgments 304References 30410 Sub-Nanometer Channels in Two-Dimensional-Material Membranes for Gas Separation 313Song Liu, Long Cheng, Gongping Liu and Wanqin Jin10.1 Introduction 31410.2 Three Main Types of Membrane Structures 31510.2.1 Porous Monolayer Graphene Membrane 31510.2.2 Laminar Membranes 31710.2.3 Nanosheet-Based Mixed-Matrix Membranes 32010.3 Other Two-Dimensional Material Membranes 32210.4 Applications for Gas Separation 32510.4.1 Hydrogen Purification 32510.4.2 Co2 Capture 32710.4.3 More Challenging Gas Mixtures 32910.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 331References 333Index 337