Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's Disease

Prashant Tiwari, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Pharmacology in the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, India, with more than 13 years of teaching and research experience. He has authored six books, edited four books, and co-authored six book chapters, seven patents, and two grants. His research focuses on drug screening, method validation for effective drug delivery to brain cells, drug-induced dyskinesia revalidation, and evaluation of benzimidazole derivatives on the dopaminergic pathway. Sunil Kumar Kadiri, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacology in the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, India, with more than 14 years of experience. He has published more than 50 research articles in international journals, one book, and two patents. His research focuses on neuropharmacology and drug interactions.

• Preface xxvii1 Immunotherapy: Unveiling Myths, Shaping Reality, Charting Ideas, and Mapping the Future 1K. Trideva Sastri, Dinesh Murugan M., Meghana G.S. and Balamuralidhara V.1.1 Introduction 21.2 Understanding Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's Disease 51.3 Unveiling the Myths Surrounding Immunotherapy 81.4 Shaping the Reality of Immunotherapy 111.5 Charting Ideas: Emerging Trends in Immunotherapy 131.6 Mapping the Future of Alzheimer's Care with Immunotherapy 241.7 Overcoming Barriers in Translating Research to Clinical Practice in Immunotherapy Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 261.8 Conclusion 282 Amyloid-β Immunotherapy: Bridging Gaps in Alzheimer's Strategies 49P. K. Sahu, S. K. Prusty, M. Khandai and D. S. Panda2.1 Introduction 502.2 AD Pathogenesis 512.3 Advances in AD Treatment 522.4 Advantages and Challenges 672.5 Bridging Gaps in Alzheimer's Strategies 682.6 Conclusion 702.7 Future Directions 703 Advancing Strain-Specific Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease and Tauopathies: Opportunities and Challenges 79Sindhu Priya E. S., Sandhya Vasanth, Tahreen Taj, Mohammed Ameen M. P., Seleshya S. Danam and M. Vijay Kumar3.1 Introduction 803.2 Background on Alzheimer's Disease and Tauopathies 823.3 Current Immunotherapy Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease 863.4 Rationale for Strain-Specific Immunotherapy 903.5 Opportunities in Strain-Specific Immunotherapy 923.6 Innovative Techniques in Strain-Specific Targeting 933.7 Preclinical and Clinical Studies: Current Status and Findings 943.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 1044 Synergistic Approaches: Natural Products, Small Molecules, and Immunotherapy in Brain Disorder Management 119Prashant Tiwari, Sunil Kumar Kadiri, Neha Minocha and Astha Singh4.1 Introduction 1204.2 Natural Products in Brain Disorder Management 1234.3 Small Molecules in Brain Disorder Management 1324.4 Immunotherapy in Brain Disorder Management 1374.5 Synergistic Approaches 1394.6 Emerging Trends and Innovations in Synergistic Approaches for Brain Disorder Management 1454.7 Challenges 1464.8 Future Directions 1484.9 Conclusion 1515 Deciphering the Role of Cytokines in Neuroinflammation: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting 161Kushagra Nagori, Rashnita Sharma, Anshita Shukla, Reena Deshmukh, Rashi Banchhor, Kartik T. Nakhate, Madhulika Pradhan, Krishna Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Sharma and Aakash Gupta5.1 Introduction 1635.2 CY Families and Their Role in Neuroinflammation 1645.3 Cellular Sources of CY in the CNS 1665.4 Mechanisms of CY Signaling in the CNS 1705.5 Anti-Inflammatory CY: Regulation and Therapeutic Potential 1725.6 CY Dysregulation in Specific Neurodegenerative Disorders 1735.7 Therapeutic Targeting of CY 1755.8 Conclusion 1766 Therapeutic Potential of TREM-1 Modulation in Alzheimer's Disease 185Pragati A. Dongare, Deepak Khobragade, Surendra Agrawal and Mrunali Potbhare6.1 Introduction 1866.2 TREM-1: Structure and Function 1906.3 TREM-1 in Neuroinflammation and AD 1926.4 Potential Mechanisms of TREM-1 Modulation in AD Therapy 1946.5 Therapeutic Strategies Targeting TREM-1 in AD 1966.6 Preclinical and Clinical Studies on TREM-1 in AD 1986.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 1996.8 Conclusions 2017 Personalized Immunotherapy in Brain Disorders: Precision Medicine Insights 209Bhaskar Pal, Kushal Roychoudhuri and Moitreyee Chattopadhyay7.1 Introduction 2107.2 Overview of Precision Medicine 2117.3 Immunotherapy Technologies 2137.4 Personalized Immunotherapy Targeting Cancer-Specific Neoantigen 2217.5 Role of Emerging Biomarkers for Personalized Immunotherapies 2227.6 Challenges and Limitations of Recent Biomarkers to Identify Response to Immune Therapies 2237.7 Use for Brain Diseases 2247.8 Technology Innovation 2287.9 Clinical Trials 2297.10 Challenges and Limitations 2317.11 Future Direction 2327.12 Conclusion 2338 Hematological Considerations in Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease 247Ritu Raj Kumar, Rohit Pandey, Sonakshi Antal, Shobha Rani and Md. Sarfraj Alam8.1 Introduction 2488.2 Patient-Centered Perspectives in Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease 2568.3 Future Directions in Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease 2618.4 Conclusion 2639 Innovative Strategies for Genetic Predispositions in Alzheimer's: Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Integration 273Shukla Rajendra Kumar, Shah Nishi, Bohra Bhavna, Saxena Bhagawati and Gupta Richa9.1 Introduction to Alzheimer's Disease 2749.2 Global Statics of Alzheimer's Disease 2759.3 Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's: Amyloid Plaques, Neurofibrillary Tangles, and Neuroinflammation 2759.4 Current Diagnostic Challenges and the Need for Innovative Approaches 2809.5 Gene Therapy: Harnessing Genetic Engineering for Alzheimer's 2809.6 Immunotherapy: A Promising Frontier in Alzheimer's Treatment 2849.7 Integrating Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy: A Synergistic Approach 2909.8 Preclinical and Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges 2929.9 Conclusion: The Road Ahead for Alzheimer's Treatment 29410 Facilitating Synaptic Repair: Immune System Involvement 305Gaurav Mude, Mohammad Tauqeer Sheikh, Shantilal Singune, Sanjay Nagdev and Junaid Tantray10.1 Introduction to Synaptic Repair 30610.2 The Immune System and the Central Nervous System (CNS) 30710.3 Microglia: Sentinels and Sculptors of Synaptic Networks 31010.4 Astrocytes and Synaptic Support 31310.5 Peripheral Immune Cells in Synaptic Repair 31510.6 Molecular Signals Mediating Immune-Synapse Communication 31710.7 Fractalkine and Other Key Signaling Pathways 31910.8 Neuroinflammation: Double-Edged Sword 32010.9 Synaptic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases 32210.10 Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Immune Pathways 32410.11 Cell-Based Approaches to Promote Synaptic Healing 32610.12 Biomaterials and Immunomodulation 32810.13 Challenges and Risks in Manipulating Immune Responses 33110.14 Future Directions in Synaptic Repair Research 33311 Exploring Ion Channel-Linked Strategies in Immunotherapy for Neurological Disorders 341Hariprasad M.G., Sourav Guha and Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan11.1 Introduction 34211.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Pathophysiology 34411.3 Ion Channels and Their Types: Overview 34911.4 Types of Ion Channels in Neurons 35511.5 Ion Channels Present in Different Parts of Neurons 35711.6 Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Excitability, Signaling, and Plasticity 35911.7 Immune Signaling in Neurodegeneration 36111.8 Immunotherapy 36211.9 Immunotherapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases 36311.10 Immunotherapy Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases 36411.11 Inhibiting Pathogenic Immune Signaling 36611.12 Intersection of Immunotherapy and Ion Channels 36711.13 Immunotherapeutic Agents Targeting Ion Channels in Neurodegenerative Disorders 36811.14 Challenges and Limitations of Immunotherapy in Neurodegenerative Disorders 37012 Strategies for Inflammation Control: Modulating Microglial Responses 385Faizan Khalid, Ashwini Deshpande and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth12.1 Introduction 38612.2 Microglial Activation and Its Role in Inflammation 38912.3 Pathophysiological Implications of Microglial Dysregulation 39112.4 Molecular Targets for Modulating Microglial Responses 39412.5 Pharmacological Strategies 39612.6 Nonpharmacological Interventions 40612.7 Emerging Approaches and Future Directions 41612.8 Challenges and Limitations 41912.9 Conclusions 42213 Revolutionizing Neuroprotection: Innovative Lysosomal Targeting Strategies 433Ahana Hazra, Rideb Chakraborty, Naureen Afrose, Pratibha Bhowmick and Mithun Bhowmick13.1 Introduction 43413.2 Tackling of Neurodegeneration 43513.3 CNS-Targeting Treatments for Lysosomal Keeping Diseases: Current Advancements and Challenges 44014 Ensuring Safety: Immunotherapy and Adverse Effect Management in Cerebrospinal Fluid 461Pankaj Malhotra, Neha Minocha, Prashant Tiwari, Sunil Kumar Kadiri and Sampriti Paul14.1 Introduction 46214.2 Role of Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorder 46814.3 Mechanisms of Adverse Effects in Immunotherapy 47414.4 Diagnostic Strategies for Adverse Effects 47614.5 Management of Immunotherapy in CSF Disorders 47914.6 Future Development 48014.7 Conclusion 48415 Phytosomes and Blood Barrier Integrity: Implications for Immunotherapy Sustainability 493Akanksha and Sajeev Kumar B.15.1 Introduction 49415.2 Considerations for Drug Delivery to the Brain 50316 Therapeutic Insights: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease 521Rashmi Madhariya, Vikas Kumar, Prince Nikhil Rathore and Alpana Ram16.1 Introduction 52216.2 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) 52616.3 Treatment for ADs Using Immunotherapy 53516.4 Comparative Insights: AChEIs vs. Immunotherapy 54716.5 Conclusion 54917 Hormonal Regulation in Immunotherapy for Brain Disorders: Insights and Innovations 559Meghana G. S., Chinmayee U. Gowda, K. Trideva Sastri and Balamuralidhara V.17.1 Introduction 56017.2 Hormonal Influence on Immune Function 56317.3 Hormones and Brain-Immune Crosstalk 56717.4 Innovations in Hormonal Regulation for Immunotherapy 57117.5 Synergistic Effects of Combining Hormone Therapy with Immunotherapies 57417.6 Tailored Approaches for Gender-Specific and Age-Specific Interventions 57617.7 Challenges and Limitations 57617.8 Future Directions 57817.9 Conclusion 58118 Challenges and Opportunities of Tuberoinfundibular Axis in Brain Disorder Immunotherapy 589Pranita Jirvankar, Deepak Khobragade, Surendra Agrawal, Mrunali Potbhare, Prashant Tiwari and Sunil Kumar Kadiri18.1 Introduction 59018.2 Hypophyseal Portal System: A Key Neurovascular Link 59118.3 Functional Significance of the Hypophyseal Portal System 59518.4 Clinical Implications of the Hypophyseal Portal System 59618.5 Clinical Relevance of TIA Dysfunction 59718.6 Role of the Tuberoinfundibular Axis (TIA) in Neuroendocrine Regulation 60018.7 Significance of the Tuberoinfundibular Axis (TIA) in Brain Disorder Immunotherapy 60318.8 Neuroanatomy and Function of the Tuberoinfundibular Axis 60618.9 Role of the Tuberoinfundibular Axis (TIA) in Hormonal Homeostasis 61218.10 Dopamine and Prolactin Regulation in the Tuberoinfundibular Axis 61618.11 Immune System Interactions with the Tuberoinfundibular Axis 61718.12 Role of Cytokines in Modulating Dopaminergic Activity 62118.13 Blood-Brain Barrier and Immune Cell Infiltration in the Tuberoinfundibular Axis 62318.14 Opportunities for Therapeutic Interventions 62418.15 Potential of Gene Therapy and Cell-Based Approaches 62518.16 Case Studies and Current Research Trends 62618.17 Future Perspectives and Research Directions 62618.18 Conclusion 62719 Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Regulatory Considerations and Current Clinical Trial Landscape 635Mangal Jyoti Das and Pratap Kumar Sahu19.1 Introduction 63619.2 Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's Disease 63719.3 Regulatory Considerations 64019.4 Current Clinical Trial Landscape 64419.5 Challenges 65619.6 Conclusion 65819.7 Future Directions 659References 661Index 669