Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University. He has published more than 125 research articles in journals and book chapters, as well as more than 10 books. His areas of interest include fluid mechanics, discrete mathematics, partial differential equations, abstract algebra, mathematical methods, and measure theory. Reshu Gupta, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Applied Science Cluster at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with more than 20 years of teaching experience. She published several papers in journals and conference proceedings and has created curricula in the fields of life and social skills. Her research focuses on fluid dynamics, differential equations, heat, and mass transfer, nanofluids, entropy, and artificial neural networks.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Contributors xix1 Introduction to Nanofluids 1K. Manjula1.1 General Introduction to Nanofluid 21.2 Origin of Nanofluids 21.3 Principles of Nanofluids 31.4 Synthesis of Nanofluids 81.4.1 Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid 111.5 Properties of Nanofluids 161.5.1 Optical Qualities of Nanofluids 171.5.2 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 201.5.3 Nanofluid Medical Approaches 251.6 Applications of Nanofluids 261.7 Conclusions 27References 282 Nanofluid Technology: Fundamentals, Properties, and Engineering Applications 31Ankur Kumar Sarma, Dipak Sarma and Sunmoni Mudoi2.1 Overview 312.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanofluid 332.3 Classification of Nanofluids 342.3.1 Based on Types of Nanoparticles 342.3.2 Based on Base Fluids 362.3.3 Based on One-Phase and Two-Phase Models 372.3.4 Based on Nanoparticle Shape 372.3.5 Based on Dispersion Stability 382.3.6 Based on Functionalization or Cooling 382.4 Methods of Stabilization of Nanofluid 392.5 Properties of Nanofluids 402.6 Applications of Nanofluids 422.7 Advantages of Nanofluids 432.8 Disadvantages of Nanofluids 442.9 Future Outlook 452.10 Conclusion 46References 463 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 49Abhijit Pattnayak and Krishna Priyadarshini Das3.1 Introduction 493.2 Primary Modes of Heat Transfer 513.2.1 Conduction 513.2.1.1 Heat Conduction through a Composite Wall 533.2.2 Convection 543.2.3 Generalized Heat Transfer Equation 553.2.4 Radiation 563.2.4.1 Black Body and Related Terms 573.2.5 Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 573.2.6 Case Studies in Recent Years 603.2.7 Challenges in Nanofluids 623.3 Summary 64References 644 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid 67Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 67Abbreviations 68Greek Letters 68Subscripts 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid 694.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device 704.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Correlations 704.3 Viscosity of Nanofluid 734.3.1 Viscosity Measurement Device 734.3.2 Viscosity Correlations 744.4 Density of Nanofluid 764.4.1 Density Measurement Device 774.4.2 Density Correlations 784.5 Specific Heat of Nanofluid 784.5.1 Specific Heat Measurement Device 794.5.2 Specific Heat Correlations 794.6 Important Findings with Explanations 794.7 Applications, Benefits, and Drawbacks 834.8 Highlights 85References 855 Preparation and Stability of Nanofluids 89Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 89Abbreviation 90Greek Letter 90Subscripts 905.1 Introduction 915.2 Nanofluid Preparation 915.3 Nanofluid Characterization 955.4 Nanofluid Stability 955.5 Important Findings 965.6 Highlights 101References 1026 Thermophysical Characteristics and Analysis of Nanofluids 107R. Gangadevi and S. Senthil RajaNomenclature 108Subscript 1086.1 Introduction 1086.2 Bibliometric Analysis 1116.3 Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity 1136.3.1 Steady-State Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1146.3.1.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method 1146.3.1.2 Merits of GHP Method 1166.3.1.3 Demerits of GHP Method 1166.3.2 Transient Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1166.3.2.1 Transient Hot Wire Method 1166.3.3 Numerical Models of Thermal Conductivity Analysis 1196.4 Nanofluid Viscosity Measurement 1206.4.1 Numerical Models for Viscosity Analysis 1246.5 Specific Heat Capacity 1246.6 Conclusions 127References 1287 Advanced Nanofluids for Efficient Electronics Cooling 133Rashi Bhargava, Ankit Agrawal and Kanchan Bhardwaj7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Importance of Electronics Cooling 1357.3 Challenges in Traditional Cooling Methods 1377.4 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 1377.5 Applications of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1407.6 Advantages of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1417.7 Challenges and Considerations 1427.8 Future Prospects and Research Directions 1447.9 Conclusion 146References 1478 Arrhenius Kinetics in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow 149Nagendramma, V. and Kavya, S.Nomenclature 150Subscripts 1518.1 Introduction 1528.2 Modeling of the Physical Problem 1538.3 Problem Solution 1598.3.1 Numerical Methodology 1598.3.2 Numerical Validation 1648.4 Graphical Discussion and Outcomes 1658.5 Conclusion 176References 1779 Two-Phase Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet 179Aswin Kumar RautaNomenclature 1809.1 Introduction 1819.1.1 Novelty of the Study 1839.2 Geometry of the Problem and Flow Analysis 1849.3 Governing Differential Equations 1859.4 Solution Procedure 1909.5 Interpretation of the Results 1919.6 Summary of the Study 197References 19810 MHD Flow of Burgers’ Fluid with Nanoparticles 201V. Nagendramma10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Non-Newtonian Burgers’ Fluid Rheological Model 20410.3 Mathematical Formulation 20410.4 Method of Solution 20610.5 Results and Discussion 20810.6 Conclusions 214References 22511 Computational Modeling of Blood-Based Tetrahybrid Nanofluid 229Bhagyashri Patgiri and Neelav SarmaNomenclature 23011.1 Introduction 23111.2 Mathematical Formulation 23411.3 Fluid Characteristics 23611.3.1 Thermophysical Properties 23611.3.2 Thermophysical Relationships 23711.4 Dimensionless Transformation 23911.5 Engineering Optimization Metrics 24011.6 Results and Discussion 24111.7 Conclusion 247References 24712 Nanofluid Heat Exchangers 253Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 254Abbreviations 254Greek Letters 255Subscripts 25512.1 Introduction 25512.2 Test Setup and Procedure 25612.3 Data Analyses 25812.4 Results and Discussion 26112.5 Limitations and Challenges of Hybrid Nanofluids 26712.6 Highlights 268References 26913 Entropy Analysis of Yamada–Ota Model–Based Ree–Eyring Nanofluid Flow 271Tusar Kanti Das, Jintu Mani Nath and Mulinti Vinodkumar ReddyNomenclature 272Greek Symbols 27213.1 Introduction 27213.2 Mathematical Problem 27513.3 Methodology 27913.4 Validation 28013.5 Results and Discussion 28013.6 Conclusions 288References 28914 Innovations in Industrial Nanofluid Heat Transfer 293Tayyaba Akhtar, Muhammad Abid and Mohamed M. Awad14.1 Introduction 29414.2 Advancements in Nanoparticle Selection 29514.2.1 Diverse Nanoparticle Types 29514.2.1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 29614.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Nanoparticles 29814.2.2 Impact of Particle Size and Shape 30014.3 Enhanced Base Fluids and Formulations 30114.3.1 Selection of Base Fluids 30114.3.2 Hybrid Nanofluids 30214.4 Improved Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30214.5 Practical Challenges in Implementation 30314.6 Industrial Applications 30414.6.1 Electronics Cooling 30514.6.2 Automotive Industry 30514.7 Case Studies on Successful Industrial Implementations 30614.7.1 Enhancing Thermal Management in High-Performance Computing 30614.7.2 Optimizing Engine Cooling with Hybrid Nanofluids 30714.7.3 Improving Efficiency in Solar PV/T Systems 30814.7.4 Enhancing Heat Exchangers in Thermal Power Plants 30914.7.5 Conclusion of Case Studies 30914.8 Computational and Simulation Approaches in Nanofluid Research 31014.8.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer 31014.8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Understanding Nanoparticle Behavior 31114.8.3 Hybrid Modeling Approaches: Combining Techniques for Improved Accuracy 31114.8.4 Machine Learning and Data-Driven Modeling in Nanofluid Research 31214.8.5 Conclusion of Computational and Simulation Approaches 31214.9 Future Directions 31314.10 Conclusion 314References 31415 Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 319Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Issam Ferhoune, E.M. Mansour and Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa15.1 Introduction 32015.2 Radiative Properties of Conventional Fluids 32315.3 Nanofluids: Composition and Properties 32715.3.1 Definition and Types of Nanofluids 32715.3.2 Influence of Nanoparticle Dispersion on Fluid Properties 33015.4 Mechanisms of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 33115.5 Computational Modeling of Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.1 Numerical Methods for Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.2 Integration of Computational Models with Experimental Data 33815.6 Experimental Studies on Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34115.7 Applications of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34415.7.1 Energy Systems and Thermal Management 34515.7.2 Cooling Technologies and Industrial Processes 34515.7.3 Emerging Applications in Advanced Technologies 34615.8 Opportunities for Advancing Nanofluid Technologies 34715.8.1 Famous Research Impediments Reported 34815.9 Conclusion 348References 34916 Thermal Radiation, Chemical Reaction, and Dufour Effects in Nanofluids 375Dibya Jyoti Saikia, Puja Haloi and Nazibuddin Ahmed16.1 Introduction 37516.2 Mathematical Formulation 37716.3 Solution of the Flow Issue 38216.3.1 Skin Friction 38416.3.2 Nusselt Number 38416.3.3 Sherwood Number 38516.4 Results and Discussion 38516.5 Conclusion 393References 39417 Bioconvective Flow of Casson Nanofluid 397Sanjalee Maheshwari, Ankita Bisht and Amit Sharma17.1 Introduction 39817.2 Mathematical Modeling 40117.3 Solution Methodology 40417.4 Outcomes and Discussion 40517.5 Concluding Remarks 410References 41118 Heat Transfer Examination of an Unsteady Radiating Non-Newtonian Flow Conveying Different Nanoparticles Over a Permeable Elongating Sheet 413Abderrahim Wakif18.1 Introduction 41318.2 Mathematical Formulation 41418.3 Numerical Procedure and Accuracy of Results 42118.4 Results and Discussion 42618.5 Final Outcomes 434Acknowledgements 435References 43519 Advanced Stochastic Modeling of Ternary Nanofluid Flow Over Rotating Parallel Plates 437G.K. Ramesh, J.K. Madhukesh and Umair Khan19.1 Introduction 43819.2 Research Methodology 44119.2.1 Thermophysical Properties 44519.2.2 Numerical Scheme 44619.3 Results and Discussion 44819.3.1 Analysis of Results 44819.3.2 Discussion and Justification of Results 45019.4 ANN Modeling 45119.5 Final Remarks 460References 460About the Editors 463Index 465

Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University. He has published more than 125 research articles in journals and book chapters, as well as more than 10 books. His areas of interest include fluid mechanics, discrete mathematics, partial differential equations, abstract algebra, mathematical methods, and measure theory. Reshu Gupta, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Applied Science Cluster at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with more than 20 years of teaching experience. She published several papers in journals and conference proceedings and has created curricula in the fields of life and social skills. Her research focuses on fluid dynamics, differential equations, heat, and mass transfer, nanofluids, entropy, and artificial neural networks.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Contributors xix1 Introduction to Nanofluids 1K. Manjula1.1 General Introduction to Nanofluid 21.2 Origin of Nanofluids 21.3 Principles of Nanofluids 31.4 Synthesis of Nanofluids 81.4.1 Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid 111.5 Properties of Nanofluids 161.5.1 Optical Qualities of Nanofluids 171.5.2 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 201.5.3 Nanofluid Medical Approaches 251.6 Applications of Nanofluids 261.7 Conclusions 27References 282 Nanofluid Technology: Fundamentals, Properties, and Engineering Applications 31Ankur Kumar Sarma, Dipak Sarma and Sunmoni Mudoi2.1 Overview 312.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanofluid 332.3 Classification of Nanofluids 342.3.1 Based on Types of Nanoparticles 342.3.2 Based on Base Fluids 362.3.3 Based on One-Phase and Two-Phase Models 372.3.4 Based on Nanoparticle Shape 372.3.5 Based on Dispersion Stability 382.3.6 Based on Functionalization or Cooling 382.4 Methods of Stabilization of Nanofluid 392.5 Properties of Nanofluids 402.6 Applications of Nanofluids 422.7 Advantages of Nanofluids 432.8 Disadvantages of Nanofluids 442.9 Future Outlook 452.10 Conclusion 46References 463 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 49Abhijit Pattnayak and Krishna Priyadarshini Das3.1 Introduction 493.2 Primary Modes of Heat Transfer 513.2.1 Conduction 513.2.1.1 Heat Conduction through a Composite Wall 533.2.2 Convection 543.2.3 Generalized Heat Transfer Equation 553.2.4 Radiation 563.2.4.1 Black Body and Related Terms 573.2.5 Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 573.2.6 Case Studies in Recent Years 603.2.7 Challenges in Nanofluids 623.3 Summary 64References 644 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid 67Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 67Abbreviations 68Greek Letters 68Subscripts 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid 694.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device 704.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Correlations 704.3 Viscosity of Nanofluid 734.3.1 Viscosity Measurement Device 734.3.2 Viscosity Correlations 744.4 Density of Nanofluid 764.4.1 Density Measurement Device 774.4.2 Density Correlations 784.5 Specific Heat of Nanofluid 784.5.1 Specific Heat Measurement Device 794.5.2 Specific Heat Correlations 794.6 Important Findings with Explanations 794.7 Applications, Benefits, and Drawbacks 834.8 Highlights 85References 855 Preparation and Stability of Nanofluids 89Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 89Abbreviation 90Greek Letter 90Subscripts 905.1 Introduction 915.2 Nanofluid Preparation 915.3 Nanofluid Characterization 955.4 Nanofluid Stability 955.5 Important Findings 965.6 Highlights 101References 1026 Thermophysical Characteristics and Analysis of Nanofluids 107R. Gangadevi and S. Senthil RajaNomenclature 108Subscript 1086.1 Introduction 1086.2 Bibliometric Analysis 1116.3 Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity 1136.3.1 Steady-State Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1146.3.1.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method 1146.3.1.2 Merits of GHP Method 1166.3.1.3 Demerits of GHP Method 1166.3.2 Transient Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1166.3.2.1 Transient Hot Wire Method 1166.3.3 Numerical Models of Thermal Conductivity Analysis 1196.4 Nanofluid Viscosity Measurement 1206.4.1 Numerical Models for Viscosity Analysis 1246.5 Specific Heat Capacity 1246.6 Conclusions 127References 1287 Advanced Nanofluids for Efficient Electronics Cooling 133Rashi Bhargava, Ankit Agrawal and Kanchan Bhardwaj7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Importance of Electronics Cooling 1357.3 Challenges in Traditional Cooling Methods 1377.4 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 1377.5 Applications of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1407.6 Advantages of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1417.7 Challenges and Considerations 1427.8 Future Prospects and Research Directions 1447.9 Conclusion 146References 1478 Arrhenius Kinetics in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow 149Nagendramma, V. and Kavya, S.Nomenclature 150Subscripts 1518.1 Introduction 1528.2 Modeling of the Physical Problem 1538.3 Problem Solution 1598.3.1 Numerical Methodology 1598.3.2 Numerical Validation 1648.4 Graphical Discussion and Outcomes 1658.5 Conclusion 176References 1779 Two-Phase Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet 179Aswin Kumar RautaNomenclature 1809.1 Introduction 1819.1.1 Novelty of the Study 1839.2 Geometry of the Problem and Flow Analysis 1849.3 Governing Differential Equations 1859.4 Solution Procedure 1909.5 Interpretation of the Results 1919.6 Summary of the Study 197References 19810 MHD Flow of Burgers’ Fluid with Nanoparticles 201V. Nagendramma10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Non-Newtonian Burgers’ Fluid Rheological Model 20410.3 Mathematical Formulation 20410.4 Method of Solution 20610.5 Results and Discussion 20810.6 Conclusions 214References 22511 Computational Modeling of Blood-Based Tetrahybrid Nanofluid 229Bhagyashri Patgiri and Neelav SarmaNomenclature 23011.1 Introduction 23111.2 Mathematical Formulation 23411.3 Fluid Characteristics 23611.3.1 Thermophysical Properties 23611.3.2 Thermophysical Relationships 23711.4 Dimensionless Transformation 23911.5 Engineering Optimization Metrics 24011.6 Results and Discussion 24111.7 Conclusion 247References 24712 Nanofluid Heat Exchangers 253Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 254Abbreviations 254Greek Letters 255Subscripts 25512.1 Introduction 25512.2 Test Setup and Procedure 25612.3 Data Analyses 25812.4 Results and Discussion 26112.5 Limitations and Challenges of Hybrid Nanofluids 26712.6 Highlights 268References 26913 Entropy Analysis of Yamada–Ota Model–Based Ree–Eyring Nanofluid Flow 271Tusar Kanti Das, Jintu Mani Nath and Mulinti Vinodkumar ReddyNomenclature 272Greek Symbols 27213.1 Introduction 27213.2 Mathematical Problem 27513.3 Methodology 27913.4 Validation 28013.5 Results and Discussion 28013.6 Conclusions 288References 28914 Innovations in Industrial Nanofluid Heat Transfer 293Tayyaba Akhtar, Muhammad Abid and Mohamed M. Awad14.1 Introduction 29414.2 Advancements in Nanoparticle Selection 29514.2.1 Diverse Nanoparticle Types 29514.2.1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 29614.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Nanoparticles 29814.2.2 Impact of Particle Size and Shape 30014.3 Enhanced Base Fluids and Formulations 30114.3.1 Selection of Base Fluids 30114.3.2 Hybrid Nanofluids 30214.4 Improved Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30214.5 Practical Challenges in Implementation 30314.6 Industrial Applications 30414.6.1 Electronics Cooling 30514.6.2 Automotive Industry 30514.7 Case Studies on Successful Industrial Implementations 30614.7.1 Enhancing Thermal Management in High-Performance Computing 30614.7.2 Optimizing Engine Cooling with Hybrid Nanofluids 30714.7.3 Improving Efficiency in Solar PV/T Systems 30814.7.4 Enhancing Heat Exchangers in Thermal Power Plants 30914.7.5 Conclusion of Case Studies 30914.8 Computational and Simulation Approaches in Nanofluid Research 31014.8.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer 31014.8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Understanding Nanoparticle Behavior 31114.8.3 Hybrid Modeling Approaches: Combining Techniques for Improved Accuracy 31114.8.4 Machine Learning and Data-Driven Modeling in Nanofluid Research 31214.8.5 Conclusion of Computational and Simulation Approaches 31214.9 Future Directions 31314.10 Conclusion 314References 31415 Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 319Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Issam Ferhoune, E.M. Mansour and Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa15.1 Introduction 32015.2 Radiative Properties of Conventional Fluids 32315.3 Nanofluids: Composition and Properties 32715.3.1 Definition and Types of Nanofluids 32715.3.2 Influence of Nanoparticle Dispersion on Fluid Properties 33015.4 Mechanisms of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 33115.5 Computational Modeling of Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.1 Numerical Methods for Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.2 Integration of Computational Models with Experimental Data 33815.6 Experimental Studies on Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34115.7 Applications of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34415.7.1 Energy Systems and Thermal Management 34515.7.2 Cooling Technologies and Industrial Processes 34515.7.3 Emerging Applications in Advanced Technologies 34615.8 Opportunities for Advancing Nanofluid Technologies 34715.8.1 Famous Research Impediments Reported 34815.9 Conclusion 348References 34916 Thermal Radiation, Chemical Reaction, and Dufour Effects in Nanofluids 375Dibya Jyoti Saikia, Puja Haloi and Nazibuddin Ahmed16.1 Introduction 37516.2 Mathematical Formulation 37716.3 Solution of the Flow Issue 38216.3.1 Skin Friction 38416.3.2 Nusselt Number 38416.3.3 Sherwood Number 38516.4 Results and Discussion 38516.5 Conclusion 393References 39417 Bioconvective Flow of Casson Nanofluid 397Sanjalee Maheshwari, Ankita Bisht and Amit Sharma17.1 Introduction 39817.2 Mathematical Modeling 40117.3 Solution Methodology 40417.4 Outcomes and Discussion 40517.5 Concluding Remarks 410References 41118 Heat Transfer Examination of an Unsteady Radiating Non-Newtonian Flow Conveying Different Nanoparticles Over a Permeable Elongating Sheet 413Abderrahim Wakif18.1 Introduction 41318.2 Mathematical Formulation 41418.3 Numerical Procedure and Accuracy of Results 42118.4 Results and Discussion 42618.5 Final Outcomes 434Acknowledgements 435References 43519 Advanced Stochastic Modeling of Ternary Nanofluid Flow Over Rotating Parallel Plates 437G.K. Ramesh, J.K. Madhukesh and Umair Khan19.1 Introduction 43819.2 Research Methodology 44119.2.1 Thermophysical Properties 44519.2.2 Numerical Scheme 44619.3 Results and Discussion 44819.3.1 Analysis of Results 44819.3.2 Discussion and Justification of Results 45019.4 ANN Modeling 45119.5 Final Remarks 460References 460About the Editors 463Index 465

Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University. He has published more than 125 research articles in journals and book chapters, as well as more than 10 books. His areas of interest include fluid mechanics, discrete mathematics, partial differential equations, abstract algebra, mathematical methods, and measure theory. Reshu Gupta, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Applied Science Cluster at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies with more than 20 years of teaching experience. She published several papers in journals and conference proceedings and has created curricula in the fields of life and social skills. Her research focuses on fluid dynamics, differential equations, heat, and mass transfer, nanofluids, entropy, and artificial neural networks.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Contributors xix1 Introduction to Nanofluids 1K. Manjula1.1 General Introduction to Nanofluid 21.2 Origin of Nanofluids 21.3 Principles of Nanofluids 31.4 Synthesis of Nanofluids 81.4.1 Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid 111.5 Properties of Nanofluids 161.5.1 Optical Qualities of Nanofluids 171.5.2 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 201.5.3 Nanofluid Medical Approaches 251.6 Applications of Nanofluids 261.7 Conclusions 27References 282 Nanofluid Technology: Fundamentals, Properties, and Engineering Applications 31Ankur Kumar Sarma, Dipak Sarma and Sunmoni Mudoi2.1 Overview 312.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanofluid 332.3 Classification of Nanofluids 342.3.1 Based on Types of Nanoparticles 342.3.2 Based on Base Fluids 362.3.3 Based on One-Phase and Two-Phase Models 372.3.4 Based on Nanoparticle Shape 372.3.5 Based on Dispersion Stability 382.3.6 Based on Functionalization or Cooling 382.4 Methods of Stabilization of Nanofluid 392.5 Properties of Nanofluids 402.6 Applications of Nanofluids 422.7 Advantages of Nanofluids 432.8 Disadvantages of Nanofluids 442.9 Future Outlook 452.10 Conclusion 46References 463 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 49Abhijit Pattnayak and Krishna Priyadarshini Das3.1 Introduction 493.2 Primary Modes of Heat Transfer 513.2.1 Conduction 513.2.1.1 Heat Conduction through a Composite Wall 533.2.2 Convection 543.2.3 Generalized Heat Transfer Equation 553.2.4 Radiation 563.2.4.1 Black Body and Related Terms 573.2.5 Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 573.2.6 Case Studies in Recent Years 603.2.7 Challenges in Nanofluids 623.3 Summary 64References 644 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid 67Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 67Abbreviations 68Greek Letters 68Subscripts 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid 694.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device 704.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Correlations 704.3 Viscosity of Nanofluid 734.3.1 Viscosity Measurement Device 734.3.2 Viscosity Correlations 744.4 Density of Nanofluid 764.4.1 Density Measurement Device 774.4.2 Density Correlations 784.5 Specific Heat of Nanofluid 784.5.1 Specific Heat Measurement Device 794.5.2 Specific Heat Correlations 794.6 Important Findings with Explanations 794.7 Applications, Benefits, and Drawbacks 834.8 Highlights 85References 855 Preparation and Stability of Nanofluids 89Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 89Abbreviation 90Greek Letter 90Subscripts 905.1 Introduction 915.2 Nanofluid Preparation 915.3 Nanofluid Characterization 955.4 Nanofluid Stability 955.5 Important Findings 965.6 Highlights 101References 1026 Thermophysical Characteristics and Analysis of Nanofluids 107R. Gangadevi and S. Senthil RajaNomenclature 108Subscript 1086.1 Introduction 1086.2 Bibliometric Analysis 1116.3 Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity 1136.3.1 Steady-State Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1146.3.1.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method 1146.3.1.2 Merits of GHP Method 1166.3.1.3 Demerits of GHP Method 1166.3.2 Transient Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 1166.3.2.1 Transient Hot Wire Method 1166.3.3 Numerical Models of Thermal Conductivity Analysis 1196.4 Nanofluid Viscosity Measurement 1206.4.1 Numerical Models for Viscosity Analysis 1246.5 Specific Heat Capacity 1246.6 Conclusions 127References 1287 Advanced Nanofluids for Efficient Electronics Cooling 133Rashi Bhargava, Ankit Agrawal and Kanchan Bhardwaj7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Importance of Electronics Cooling 1357.3 Challenges in Traditional Cooling Methods 1377.4 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 1377.5 Applications of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1407.6 Advantages of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 1417.7 Challenges and Considerations 1427.8 Future Prospects and Research Directions 1447.9 Conclusion 146References 1478 Arrhenius Kinetics in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow 149Nagendramma, V. and Kavya, S.Nomenclature 150Subscripts 1518.1 Introduction 1528.2 Modeling of the Physical Problem 1538.3 Problem Solution 1598.3.1 Numerical Methodology 1598.3.2 Numerical Validation 1648.4 Graphical Discussion and Outcomes 1658.5 Conclusion 176References 1779 Two-Phase Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet 179Aswin Kumar RautaNomenclature 1809.1 Introduction 1819.1.1 Novelty of the Study 1839.2 Geometry of the Problem and Flow Analysis 1849.3 Governing Differential Equations 1859.4 Solution Procedure 1909.5 Interpretation of the Results 1919.6 Summary of the Study 197References 19810 MHD Flow of Burgers’ Fluid with Nanoparticles 201V. Nagendramma10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Non-Newtonian Burgers’ Fluid Rheological Model 20410.3 Mathematical Formulation 20410.4 Method of Solution 20610.5 Results and Discussion 20810.6 Conclusions 214References 22511 Computational Modeling of Blood-Based Tetrahybrid Nanofluid 229Bhagyashri Patgiri and Neelav SarmaNomenclature 23011.1 Introduction 23111.2 Mathematical Formulation 23411.3 Fluid Characteristics 23611.3.1 Thermophysical Properties 23611.3.2 Thermophysical Relationships 23711.4 Dimensionless Transformation 23911.5 Engineering Optimization Metrics 24011.6 Results and Discussion 24111.7 Conclusion 247References 24712 Nanofluid Heat Exchangers 253Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. AwadNomenclature 254Abbreviations 254Greek Letters 255Subscripts 25512.1 Introduction 25512.2 Test Setup and Procedure 25612.3 Data Analyses 25812.4 Results and Discussion 26112.5 Limitations and Challenges of Hybrid Nanofluids 26712.6 Highlights 268References 26913 Entropy Analysis of Yamada–Ota Model–Based Ree–Eyring Nanofluid Flow 271Tusar Kanti Das, Jintu Mani Nath and Mulinti Vinodkumar ReddyNomenclature 272Greek Symbols 27213.1 Introduction 27213.2 Mathematical Problem 27513.3 Methodology 27913.4 Validation 28013.5 Results and Discussion 28013.6 Conclusions 288References 28914 Innovations in Industrial Nanofluid Heat Transfer 293Tayyaba Akhtar, Muhammad Abid and Mohamed M. Awad14.1 Introduction 29414.2 Advancements in Nanoparticle Selection 29514.2.1 Diverse Nanoparticle Types 29514.2.1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 29614.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Nanoparticles 29814.2.2 Impact of Particle Size and Shape 30014.3 Enhanced Base Fluids and Formulations 30114.3.1 Selection of Base Fluids 30114.3.2 Hybrid Nanofluids 30214.4 Improved Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30214.5 Practical Challenges in Implementation 30314.6 Industrial Applications 30414.6.1 Electronics Cooling 30514.6.2 Automotive Industry 30514.7 Case Studies on Successful Industrial Implementations 30614.7.1 Enhancing Thermal Management in High-Performance Computing 30614.7.2 Optimizing Engine Cooling with Hybrid Nanofluids 30714.7.3 Improving Efficiency in Solar PV/T Systems 30814.7.4 Enhancing Heat Exchangers in Thermal Power Plants 30914.7.5 Conclusion of Case Studies 30914.8 Computational and Simulation Approaches in Nanofluid Research 31014.8.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer 31014.8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Understanding Nanoparticle Behavior 31114.8.3 Hybrid Modeling Approaches: Combining Techniques for Improved Accuracy 31114.8.4 Machine Learning and Data-Driven Modeling in Nanofluid Research 31214.8.5 Conclusion of Computational and Simulation Approaches 31214.9 Future Directions 31314.10 Conclusion 314References 31415 Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 319Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Issam Ferhoune, E.M. Mansour and Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa15.1 Introduction 32015.2 Radiative Properties of Conventional Fluids 32315.3 Nanofluids: Composition and Properties 32715.3.1 Definition and Types of Nanofluids 32715.3.2 Influence of Nanoparticle Dispersion on Fluid Properties 33015.4 Mechanisms of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 33115.5 Computational Modeling of Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.1 Numerical Methods for Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 33715.5.2 Integration of Computational Models with Experimental Data 33815.6 Experimental Studies on Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34115.7 Applications of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 34415.7.1 Energy Systems and Thermal Management 34515.7.2 Cooling Technologies and Industrial Processes 34515.7.3 Emerging Applications in Advanced Technologies 34615.8 Opportunities for Advancing Nanofluid Technologies 34715.8.1 Famous Research Impediments Reported 34815.9 Conclusion 348References 34916 Thermal Radiation, Chemical Reaction, and Dufour Effects in Nanofluids 375Dibya Jyoti Saikia, Puja Haloi and Nazibuddin Ahmed16.1 Introduction 37516.2 Mathematical Formulation 37716.3 Solution of the Flow Issue 38216.3.1 Skin Friction 38416.3.2 Nusselt Number 38416.3.3 Sherwood Number 38516.4 Results and Discussion 38516.5 Conclusion 393References 39417 Bioconvective Flow of Casson Nanofluid 397Sanjalee Maheshwari, Ankita Bisht and Amit Sharma17.1 Introduction 39817.2 Mathematical Modeling 40117.3 Solution Methodology 40417.4 Outcomes and Discussion 40517.5 Concluding Remarks 410References 41118 Heat Transfer Examination of an Unsteady Radiating Non-Newtonian Flow Conveying Different Nanoparticles Over a Permeable Elongating Sheet 413Abderrahim Wakif18.1 Introduction 41318.2 Mathematical Formulation 41418.3 Numerical Procedure and Accuracy of Results 42118.4 Results and Discussion 42618.5 Final Outcomes 434Acknowledgements 435References 43519 Advanced Stochastic Modeling of Ternary Nanofluid Flow Over Rotating Parallel Plates 437G.K. Ramesh, J.K. Madhukesh and Umair Khan19.1 Introduction 43819.2 Research Methodology 44119.2.1 Thermophysical Properties 44519.2.2 Numerical Scheme 44619.3 Results and Discussion 44819.3.1 Analysis of Results 44819.3.2 Discussion and Justification of Results 45019.4 ANN Modeling 45119.5 Final Remarks 460References 460About the Editors 463Index 465