Ashish Kumar, PhD is a Scientist and Head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. With over 45 publications in prestigious international and national journals, Dr. Kumar has made significant contributions to the field of life sciences. His interdisciplinary work spans human diseases, treatment strategies, environmental factors influencing disease development, heavy metal toxicity, and the synthesis of composite nanoparticles. Veer Singh, PhD is a Department of Health Research Young Scientist in the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. He has more than 44 publications in international journals and conferences, covering topics including wastewater treatment, biomass characterization, and environmental toxicity. His research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing eco-friendly materials from biological waste, isolating heavy metal-resistant bacteria, and developing innovative adsorbents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD is the Deputy General Manager of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd. With more than 200 publications and extensive experience in editing books, he leads research initiatives and supervises postgraduate students in life sciences. His research delves into bacterial genetic adaptation, mechanisms for managing toxic substances, and the application of microbial processes in waste treatment.

• Preface xxvAcknowledgement xxvii1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Human Health 1Ridam Dhiman, Nancy Setia, Hargun Kaur, Harshika Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi and Gaurav Pant1.1 Introduction 21.2 Sources of Environmental Toxins 61.3 Types of Pollutants 91.4 Environmental Exposure Pathways 91.5 Health Effects of Environmental Toxins 131.6 Current and Emerging Issues in Environmental Toxicology 161.7 Conclusion 192 Sources and Types of Environmental Contaminants 27Priya Shukla, Pradeep Srivastava and Abha Mishra2.1 Introduction 282.2 Emerging Contaminants and Associated Health Hazards 292.3 Hazardous Pollution Containing Colors and Dyes 332.4 Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying ECs 342.5 Technologies for Treatment 352.6 Conclusion 393 Air Pollution: Sources, Toxic Impacts, and Strategies for Reduction 45Rajal Dave and Abhijeet Joshi3.1 Introduction 463.2 Source of Pollution 483.3 Critical Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Health 513.4 Toxicology of Air Pollution 613.5 Risk Factors and Preventive Measures Associated with Health Damage Associated with Air Pollution 653.6 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Control Strategies 663.7 Conclusion 694 Air Pollution: Health Impacts and Environmental Challenges 73Ulfat Jan and Navida Akhter4.1 Introduction 744.2 Toxicology of Air Pollution 754.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 795 Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Air Pollution, and Mechanism of Toxicity 81Kaustav Dasgupta, Avik Banerjee and Shikha Kumari5.1 Introduction 825.2 Overview of Sources 835.3 Global and Local Impacts 845.4 Types of Air Pollutants 865.5 Mechanisms of Impact on Human Health 915.6 Vulnerable Populations 1005.7 Global Burden of Disease 1035.8 Mitigation and Public Health Interventions 1055.9 Conclusion 1076 Recent Updates in Water Contaminants 113Ananya Dave, Pratham Prasad and Shikha Kumari6.1 Introduction 1146.2 Overview of Water Contamination 1146.3 Types of Water Contaminants 1176.4 Health Risks Associated with Water Contaminants 1216.5 Vulnerable Populations 1266.6 Case Studies 1286.7 Mitigation Strategies 1316.8 Emerging Technologies 1386.9 Conclusion 1427 Sources of Water Contaminants: Toxic Impacts and Remediation Approaches 145Harshvadan Patel7.1 Introduction 1467.2 Types of Water Contaminants 1477.3 Sources of Water Contamination 1527.4 Pathways of Exposure 1557.5 Health Impacts of Water Contaminants 1567.6 Mitigation Strategies 1577.7 Conclusion 1588 Soil Pollution: Sources of Pollution and Bioremediation Pollutants from Contaminated Soil 163Pooja Dhiman, Anita Rani and Ranjna Chauhan8.1 Introduction 1648.2 Sources of Soil Pollution 1658.3 Effect of Soil Pollution on the Health of Human Beings 1698.4 Soil Pollutant Remediation Techniques 1698.5 Decision of Appropriate Remediation Strategy 1848.6 Conclusion 1919 Hazardous Health Impacts of Soil Pollution 199Sujata Rathi and Deepak Kumar9.1 Introduction 2009.2 Soil: A Natural Ecosystem 2029.3 Soil and Human Health 2039.4 Main Threats to Soil Health and Their Deleterious Impacts on Human Health 2069.5 Strategies and Practices for Healthy Soil for Healthy Human 2189.6 Acknowledgement 21910 Heavy Metals Contamination: Exposure and Remediation Methods 229Mamta Bisht, Manoj Shrivastava, Pooja L.R., Priyanka Meena and Shemeem Shah10.1 Introduction 23010.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals 23110.3 Effect of Heavy Metals 23410.4 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity 24210.5 Strategies for Managing Heavy Metal Toxicity 24410.6 Conclusion 24711 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 257Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi and Ashish11.1 Introduction 25711.2 Major Sources of the Heavy Metal Exposure 25911.3 Common Heavy Metals Along with Their Toxicity 26011.4 Health Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure 26411.5 Conclusion 26512 Silent Killers: The Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Human Health 267Rajni Lasyal and Brijesh Chauhan12.1 Introduction 26812.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination 26912.3 Pathways of Exposure 27512.4 Biological Impact on Human Health 27812.5 Detection and Monitoring 28312.6 Health Risk Assessment and Management 28612.7 Global Perspectives and Future Challenges 29112.8 Conclusion 29512.9 Acknowledgment 29613 Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Human Health and Environment 301Ivan Aranha13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Pesticide Use in Agriculture 30413.3 Impact of Pesticides on the Endocrine System 30613.4 Reproductive Health Risks of Pesticides 30813.5 Common Pesticide EDCs 31013.6 Conclusions 31214 Pesticide Contamination: Classification and Adverse Effects on Human Health 317Neeraj Kumar, Piyus K. Pathak, Girish C. Sharma, Om Prakash, Rayeesh Ahmad Bhat and Arti Sharma14.1 Introduction 31814.2 History of Pesticides 31914.3 Definition and Application of Pesticides 32114.4 Types or Classification of Pesticides 32214.5 Pesticide's Adverse Effects on Human Health 32714.6 Remedial Measures 32914.7 Conclusion 33015 Pesticide Contamination in Soil and Water: Type of Pesticide, Route of Expose, and Its Toxic Impacts 335Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ashish and Alvina Farooqui15.1 Introduction 33615.2 Types of Pesticides 33715.3 Pesticide Application Methods 34015.4 Mechanisms of Pesticide Action 34215.5 Exposure Pathways 34215.6 Acute and Chronic Health Effects 34515.7 Pesticide Regulation and Safety 34515.8 Conclusion 34616 Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk 351Santvana Tyagi, Brij Kishore Tiwari, Ali Akbar, Vaishnavi Srivastava, Richa Saxena and Dipti Bharti16.1 Introduction 35216.2 Types of Carcinogens 35216.3 Mechanism of Carcinogenesis 35316.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 35816.5 Water Pollution and Related Carcinogenic Hazards 36116.6 Strategies for Prevention and Management 36616.7 Conclusion 36717 Nanomaterials: Environmental Presence and Health Effects 371Misba Khan, Mariyam Rafi, Nisha Ali, Archana Vimal and Reena Vishvakarma17.1 Introduction 37217.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Properties 37317.3 Environmental Presence and Fate of Nanomaterials 37817.4 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Human Health 38617.5 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines to Attenuate Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials 39517.6 Conclusion 39718 Toxicity Impacts of Heavy Metals and Potential Bioremediation Techniques 407Azad Yadav and Rajesh Dhankhar18.1 Introduction 40818.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 41318.3 Bioremediation 41918.4 Conclusion 42619 Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Aquatic Microbiome 435Khalid Umar Fakhri, Vani Sharma, Sugandh Kumar, Bhavya Trivedi, Durdana Yasin, Shiwali Bisht, Beenish Mirza, Syed Tauqeer Anwer, Ram Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Mavi, Farhan Jalees Ahmad and Moshahid Alam Rizvi19.1 Introduction 43619.2 Sources of Heavy Metals 43819.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metals Detoxification by Micro-Organisms 44319.4 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 44619.5 Microbial Sharing and Cohabitation 45019.6 Behavioral and Environmental Factors 45119.7 Implications for Human Health 45219.8 Personalized Approaches and Precision Microbiome Modulation 45219.9 The Role of Microbiomes in Heavy Metal Toxicity Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metal Absorption 45619.10 Mitigation Strategies and Future Perspectives Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 45619.11 Global Perspectives on the Human Gut Microbiome 45719.12 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms: The Dynamic Nature of the Gut Microbiome 45819.13 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior 46119.14 Mechanisms Underlying Gut Microbiome Alterations Immune System Dysregulation 46319.15 Implications for Patient Management and Recovery 46419.16 Long-Term Health Implications 46519.17 Future Research Directions 46620 Future Directions in Environmental Toxicology and Health Research 477Richa Gupta, Neeraj Choudhary, Meena Sorout, Richa Saxena and Punita Jain20.1 Introduction 47820.2 Advances in Research Models 47920.3 Technological Innovations in Environmental Health Monitoring 48120.4 Global Collaboration on Climate Change and Environmental Toxicology 48520.5 Personalized Environmental Health 48820.6 Risk Profile Adjustment 48820.7 Building Targeted Interventions 48920.8 Exploring the Exposome 49020.9 Definition and Importance 49120.10 Integration of Genetic and Environmental Data 49220.11 Significance of Collaboration 49420.12 Conclusion 497Acknowledgment 498Bibliography 498About the Editors 503Index 505

Ashish Kumar, PhD is a Scientist and Head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. With over 45 publications in prestigious international and national journals, Dr. Kumar has made significant contributions to the field of life sciences. His interdisciplinary work spans human diseases, treatment strategies, environmental factors influencing disease development, heavy metal toxicity, and the synthesis of composite nanoparticles. Veer Singh, PhD is a Department of Health Research Young Scientist in the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. He has more than 44 publications in international journals and conferences, covering topics including wastewater treatment, biomass characterization, and environmental toxicity. His research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing eco-friendly materials from biological waste, isolating heavy metal-resistant bacteria, and developing innovative adsorbents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD is the Deputy General Manager of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd. With more than 200 publications and extensive experience in editing books, he leads research initiatives and supervises postgraduate students in life sciences. His research delves into bacterial genetic adaptation, mechanisms for managing toxic substances, and the application of microbial processes in waste treatment.

• Preface xxvAcknowledgement xxvii1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Human Health 1Ridam Dhiman, Nancy Setia, Hargun Kaur, Harshika Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi and Gaurav Pant1.1 Introduction 21.2 Sources of Environmental Toxins 61.3 Types of Pollutants 91.4 Environmental Exposure Pathways 91.5 Health Effects of Environmental Toxins 131.6 Current and Emerging Issues in Environmental Toxicology 161.7 Conclusion 192 Sources and Types of Environmental Contaminants 27Priya Shukla, Pradeep Srivastava and Abha Mishra2.1 Introduction 282.2 Emerging Contaminants and Associated Health Hazards 292.3 Hazardous Pollution Containing Colors and Dyes 332.4 Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying ECs 342.5 Technologies for Treatment 352.6 Conclusion 393 Air Pollution: Sources, Toxic Impacts, and Strategies for Reduction 45Rajal Dave and Abhijeet Joshi3.1 Introduction 463.2 Source of Pollution 483.3 Critical Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Health 513.4 Toxicology of Air Pollution 613.5 Risk Factors and Preventive Measures Associated with Health Damage Associated with Air Pollution 653.6 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Control Strategies 663.7 Conclusion 694 Air Pollution: Health Impacts and Environmental Challenges 73Ulfat Jan and Navida Akhter4.1 Introduction 744.2 Toxicology of Air Pollution 754.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 795 Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Air Pollution, and Mechanism of Toxicity 81Kaustav Dasgupta, Avik Banerjee and Shikha Kumari5.1 Introduction 825.2 Overview of Sources 835.3 Global and Local Impacts 845.4 Types of Air Pollutants 865.5 Mechanisms of Impact on Human Health 915.6 Vulnerable Populations 1005.7 Global Burden of Disease 1035.8 Mitigation and Public Health Interventions 1055.9 Conclusion 1076 Recent Updates in Water Contaminants 113Ananya Dave, Pratham Prasad and Shikha Kumari6.1 Introduction 1146.2 Overview of Water Contamination 1146.3 Types of Water Contaminants 1176.4 Health Risks Associated with Water Contaminants 1216.5 Vulnerable Populations 1266.6 Case Studies 1286.7 Mitigation Strategies 1316.8 Emerging Technologies 1386.9 Conclusion 1427 Sources of Water Contaminants: Toxic Impacts and Remediation Approaches 145Harshvadan Patel7.1 Introduction 1467.2 Types of Water Contaminants 1477.3 Sources of Water Contamination 1527.4 Pathways of Exposure 1557.5 Health Impacts of Water Contaminants 1567.6 Mitigation Strategies 1577.7 Conclusion 1588 Soil Pollution: Sources of Pollution and Bioremediation Pollutants from Contaminated Soil 163Pooja Dhiman, Anita Rani and Ranjna Chauhan8.1 Introduction 1648.2 Sources of Soil Pollution 1658.3 Effect of Soil Pollution on the Health of Human Beings 1698.4 Soil Pollutant Remediation Techniques 1698.5 Decision of Appropriate Remediation Strategy 1848.6 Conclusion 1919 Hazardous Health Impacts of Soil Pollution 199Sujata Rathi and Deepak Kumar9.1 Introduction 2009.2 Soil: A Natural Ecosystem 2029.3 Soil and Human Health 2039.4 Main Threats to Soil Health and Their Deleterious Impacts on Human Health 2069.5 Strategies and Practices for Healthy Soil for Healthy Human 2189.6 Acknowledgement 21910 Heavy Metals Contamination: Exposure and Remediation Methods 229Mamta Bisht, Manoj Shrivastava, Pooja L.R., Priyanka Meena and Shemeem Shah10.1 Introduction 23010.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals 23110.3 Effect of Heavy Metals 23410.4 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity 24210.5 Strategies for Managing Heavy Metal Toxicity 24410.6 Conclusion 24711 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 257Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi and Ashish11.1 Introduction 25711.2 Major Sources of the Heavy Metal Exposure 25911.3 Common Heavy Metals Along with Their Toxicity 26011.4 Health Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure 26411.5 Conclusion 26512 Silent Killers: The Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Human Health 267Rajni Lasyal and Brijesh Chauhan12.1 Introduction 26812.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination 26912.3 Pathways of Exposure 27512.4 Biological Impact on Human Health 27812.5 Detection and Monitoring 28312.6 Health Risk Assessment and Management 28612.7 Global Perspectives and Future Challenges 29112.8 Conclusion 29512.9 Acknowledgment 29613 Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Human Health and Environment 301Ivan Aranha13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Pesticide Use in Agriculture 30413.3 Impact of Pesticides on the Endocrine System 30613.4 Reproductive Health Risks of Pesticides 30813.5 Common Pesticide EDCs 31013.6 Conclusions 31214 Pesticide Contamination: Classification and Adverse Effects on Human Health 317Neeraj Kumar, Piyus K. Pathak, Girish C. Sharma, Om Prakash, Rayeesh Ahmad Bhat and Arti Sharma14.1 Introduction 31814.2 History of Pesticides 31914.3 Definition and Application of Pesticides 32114.4 Types or Classification of Pesticides 32214.5 Pesticide's Adverse Effects on Human Health 32714.6 Remedial Measures 32914.7 Conclusion 33015 Pesticide Contamination in Soil and Water: Type of Pesticide, Route of Expose, and Its Toxic Impacts 335Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ashish and Alvina Farooqui15.1 Introduction 33615.2 Types of Pesticides 33715.3 Pesticide Application Methods 34015.4 Mechanisms of Pesticide Action 34215.5 Exposure Pathways 34215.6 Acute and Chronic Health Effects 34515.7 Pesticide Regulation and Safety 34515.8 Conclusion 34616 Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk 351Santvana Tyagi, Brij Kishore Tiwari, Ali Akbar, Vaishnavi Srivastava, Richa Saxena and Dipti Bharti16.1 Introduction 35216.2 Types of Carcinogens 35216.3 Mechanism of Carcinogenesis 35316.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 35816.5 Water Pollution and Related Carcinogenic Hazards 36116.6 Strategies for Prevention and Management 36616.7 Conclusion 36717 Nanomaterials: Environmental Presence and Health Effects 371Misba Khan, Mariyam Rafi, Nisha Ali, Archana Vimal and Reena Vishvakarma17.1 Introduction 37217.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Properties 37317.3 Environmental Presence and Fate of Nanomaterials 37817.4 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Human Health 38617.5 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines to Attenuate Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials 39517.6 Conclusion 39718 Toxicity Impacts of Heavy Metals and Potential Bioremediation Techniques 407Azad Yadav and Rajesh Dhankhar18.1 Introduction 40818.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 41318.3 Bioremediation 41918.4 Conclusion 42619 Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Aquatic Microbiome 435Khalid Umar Fakhri, Vani Sharma, Sugandh Kumar, Bhavya Trivedi, Durdana Yasin, Shiwali Bisht, Beenish Mirza, Syed Tauqeer Anwer, Ram Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Mavi, Farhan Jalees Ahmad and Moshahid Alam Rizvi19.1 Introduction 43619.2 Sources of Heavy Metals 43819.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metals Detoxification by Micro-Organisms 44319.4 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 44619.5 Microbial Sharing and Cohabitation 45019.6 Behavioral and Environmental Factors 45119.7 Implications for Human Health 45219.8 Personalized Approaches and Precision Microbiome Modulation 45219.9 The Role of Microbiomes in Heavy Metal Toxicity Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metal Absorption 45619.10 Mitigation Strategies and Future Perspectives Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 45619.11 Global Perspectives on the Human Gut Microbiome 45719.12 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms: The Dynamic Nature of the Gut Microbiome 45819.13 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior 46119.14 Mechanisms Underlying Gut Microbiome Alterations Immune System Dysregulation 46319.15 Implications for Patient Management and Recovery 46419.16 Long-Term Health Implications 46519.17 Future Research Directions 46620 Future Directions in Environmental Toxicology and Health Research 477Richa Gupta, Neeraj Choudhary, Meena Sorout, Richa Saxena and Punita Jain20.1 Introduction 47820.2 Advances in Research Models 47920.3 Technological Innovations in Environmental Health Monitoring 48120.4 Global Collaboration on Climate Change and Environmental Toxicology 48520.5 Personalized Environmental Health 48820.6 Risk Profile Adjustment 48820.7 Building Targeted Interventions 48920.8 Exploring the Exposome 49020.9 Definition and Importance 49120.10 Integration of Genetic and Environmental Data 49220.11 Significance of Collaboration 49420.12 Conclusion 497Acknowledgment 498Bibliography 498About the Editors 503Index 505

Ashish Kumar, PhD is a Scientist and Head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. With over 45 publications in prestigious international and national journals, Dr. Kumar has made significant contributions to the field of life sciences. His interdisciplinary work spans human diseases, treatment strategies, environmental factors influencing disease development, heavy metal toxicity, and the synthesis of composite nanoparticles. Veer Singh, PhD is a Department of Health Research Young Scientist in the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. He has more than 44 publications in international journals and conferences, covering topics including wastewater treatment, biomass characterization, and environmental toxicity. His research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing eco-friendly materials from biological waste, isolating heavy metal-resistant bacteria, and developing innovative adsorbents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD is the Deputy General Manager of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd. With more than 200 publications and extensive experience in editing books, he leads research initiatives and supervises postgraduate students in life sciences. His research delves into bacterial genetic adaptation, mechanisms for managing toxic substances, and the application of microbial processes in waste treatment.

• Preface xxvAcknowledgement xxvii1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Human Health 1Ridam Dhiman, Nancy Setia, Hargun Kaur, Harshika Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi and Gaurav Pant1.1 Introduction 21.2 Sources of Environmental Toxins 61.3 Types of Pollutants 91.4 Environmental Exposure Pathways 91.5 Health Effects of Environmental Toxins 131.6 Current and Emerging Issues in Environmental Toxicology 161.7 Conclusion 192 Sources and Types of Environmental Contaminants 27Priya Shukla, Pradeep Srivastava and Abha Mishra2.1 Introduction 282.2 Emerging Contaminants and Associated Health Hazards 292.3 Hazardous Pollution Containing Colors and Dyes 332.4 Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying ECs 342.5 Technologies for Treatment 352.6 Conclusion 393 Air Pollution: Sources, Toxic Impacts, and Strategies for Reduction 45Rajal Dave and Abhijeet Joshi3.1 Introduction 463.2 Source of Pollution 483.3 Critical Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Health 513.4 Toxicology of Air Pollution 613.5 Risk Factors and Preventive Measures Associated with Health Damage Associated with Air Pollution 653.6 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Control Strategies 663.7 Conclusion 694 Air Pollution: Health Impacts and Environmental Challenges 73Ulfat Jan and Navida Akhter4.1 Introduction 744.2 Toxicology of Air Pollution 754.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 795 Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Air Pollution, and Mechanism of Toxicity 81Kaustav Dasgupta, Avik Banerjee and Shikha Kumari5.1 Introduction 825.2 Overview of Sources 835.3 Global and Local Impacts 845.4 Types of Air Pollutants 865.5 Mechanisms of Impact on Human Health 915.6 Vulnerable Populations 1005.7 Global Burden of Disease 1035.8 Mitigation and Public Health Interventions 1055.9 Conclusion 1076 Recent Updates in Water Contaminants 113Ananya Dave, Pratham Prasad and Shikha Kumari6.1 Introduction 1146.2 Overview of Water Contamination 1146.3 Types of Water Contaminants 1176.4 Health Risks Associated with Water Contaminants 1216.5 Vulnerable Populations 1266.6 Case Studies 1286.7 Mitigation Strategies 1316.8 Emerging Technologies 1386.9 Conclusion 1427 Sources of Water Contaminants: Toxic Impacts and Remediation Approaches 145Harshvadan Patel7.1 Introduction 1467.2 Types of Water Contaminants 1477.3 Sources of Water Contamination 1527.4 Pathways of Exposure 1557.5 Health Impacts of Water Contaminants 1567.6 Mitigation Strategies 1577.7 Conclusion 1588 Soil Pollution: Sources of Pollution and Bioremediation Pollutants from Contaminated Soil 163Pooja Dhiman, Anita Rani and Ranjna Chauhan8.1 Introduction 1648.2 Sources of Soil Pollution 1658.3 Effect of Soil Pollution on the Health of Human Beings 1698.4 Soil Pollutant Remediation Techniques 1698.5 Decision of Appropriate Remediation Strategy 1848.6 Conclusion 1919 Hazardous Health Impacts of Soil Pollution 199Sujata Rathi and Deepak Kumar9.1 Introduction 2009.2 Soil: A Natural Ecosystem 2029.3 Soil and Human Health 2039.4 Main Threats to Soil Health and Their Deleterious Impacts on Human Health 2069.5 Strategies and Practices for Healthy Soil for Healthy Human 2189.6 Acknowledgement 21910 Heavy Metals Contamination: Exposure and Remediation Methods 229Mamta Bisht, Manoj Shrivastava, Pooja L.R., Priyanka Meena and Shemeem Shah10.1 Introduction 23010.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals 23110.3 Effect of Heavy Metals 23410.4 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity 24210.5 Strategies for Managing Heavy Metal Toxicity 24410.6 Conclusion 24711 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 257Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi and Ashish11.1 Introduction 25711.2 Major Sources of the Heavy Metal Exposure 25911.3 Common Heavy Metals Along with Their Toxicity 26011.4 Health Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure 26411.5 Conclusion 26512 Silent Killers: The Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Human Health 267Rajni Lasyal and Brijesh Chauhan12.1 Introduction 26812.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination 26912.3 Pathways of Exposure 27512.4 Biological Impact on Human Health 27812.5 Detection and Monitoring 28312.6 Health Risk Assessment and Management 28612.7 Global Perspectives and Future Challenges 29112.8 Conclusion 29512.9 Acknowledgment 29613 Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Human Health and Environment 301Ivan Aranha13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Pesticide Use in Agriculture 30413.3 Impact of Pesticides on the Endocrine System 30613.4 Reproductive Health Risks of Pesticides 30813.5 Common Pesticide EDCs 31013.6 Conclusions 31214 Pesticide Contamination: Classification and Adverse Effects on Human Health 317Neeraj Kumar, Piyus K. Pathak, Girish C. Sharma, Om Prakash, Rayeesh Ahmad Bhat and Arti Sharma14.1 Introduction 31814.2 History of Pesticides 31914.3 Definition and Application of Pesticides 32114.4 Types or Classification of Pesticides 32214.5 Pesticide's Adverse Effects on Human Health 32714.6 Remedial Measures 32914.7 Conclusion 33015 Pesticide Contamination in Soil and Water: Type of Pesticide, Route of Expose, and Its Toxic Impacts 335Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ashish and Alvina Farooqui15.1 Introduction 33615.2 Types of Pesticides 33715.3 Pesticide Application Methods 34015.4 Mechanisms of Pesticide Action 34215.5 Exposure Pathways 34215.6 Acute and Chronic Health Effects 34515.7 Pesticide Regulation and Safety 34515.8 Conclusion 34616 Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk 351Santvana Tyagi, Brij Kishore Tiwari, Ali Akbar, Vaishnavi Srivastava, Richa Saxena and Dipti Bharti16.1 Introduction 35216.2 Types of Carcinogens 35216.3 Mechanism of Carcinogenesis 35316.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 35816.5 Water Pollution and Related Carcinogenic Hazards 36116.6 Strategies for Prevention and Management 36616.7 Conclusion 36717 Nanomaterials: Environmental Presence and Health Effects 371Misba Khan, Mariyam Rafi, Nisha Ali, Archana Vimal and Reena Vishvakarma17.1 Introduction 37217.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Properties 37317.3 Environmental Presence and Fate of Nanomaterials 37817.4 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Human Health 38617.5 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines to Attenuate Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials 39517.6 Conclusion 39718 Toxicity Impacts of Heavy Metals and Potential Bioremediation Techniques 407Azad Yadav and Rajesh Dhankhar18.1 Introduction 40818.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 41318.3 Bioremediation 41918.4 Conclusion 42619 Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Aquatic Microbiome 435Khalid Umar Fakhri, Vani Sharma, Sugandh Kumar, Bhavya Trivedi, Durdana Yasin, Shiwali Bisht, Beenish Mirza, Syed Tauqeer Anwer, Ram Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Mavi, Farhan Jalees Ahmad and Moshahid Alam Rizvi19.1 Introduction 43619.2 Sources of Heavy Metals 43819.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metals Detoxification by Micro-Organisms 44319.4 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 44619.5 Microbial Sharing and Cohabitation 45019.6 Behavioral and Environmental Factors 45119.7 Implications for Human Health 45219.8 Personalized Approaches and Precision Microbiome Modulation 45219.9 The Role of Microbiomes in Heavy Metal Toxicity Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metal Absorption 45619.10 Mitigation Strategies and Future Perspectives Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 45619.11 Global Perspectives on the Human Gut Microbiome 45719.12 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms: The Dynamic Nature of the Gut Microbiome 45819.13 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior 46119.14 Mechanisms Underlying Gut Microbiome Alterations Immune System Dysregulation 46319.15 Implications for Patient Management and Recovery 46419.16 Long-Term Health Implications 46519.17 Future Research Directions 46620 Future Directions in Environmental Toxicology and Health Research 477Richa Gupta, Neeraj Choudhary, Meena Sorout, Richa Saxena and Punita Jain20.1 Introduction 47820.2 Advances in Research Models 47920.3 Technological Innovations in Environmental Health Monitoring 48120.4 Global Collaboration on Climate Change and Environmental Toxicology 48520.5 Personalized Environmental Health 48820.6 Risk Profile Adjustment 48820.7 Building Targeted Interventions 48920.8 Exploring the Exposome 49020.9 Definition and Importance 49120.10 Integration of Genetic and Environmental Data 49220.11 Significance of Collaboration 49420.12 Conclusion 497Acknowledgment 498Bibliography 498About the Editors 503Index 505