Biocomposites in 3D and 4D Printing

Rishabha Malviya, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacy in the School of Medical and Allied Sciences at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India with more than 15 years of research experience. He has published more than 200 research papers for national and international journals of repute, 58 patents, 120 books, and 190 book chapters. His areas of interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, localized drug delivery, and characterization of natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Mukesh Roy, PhD is a Clinical Researcher and Biostatistician in the Office of Clinical Research, MCI Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, USA with more than ten years of experience. He has published more than 25 peer-reviewed scientific articles and conference papers, four book chapters, more than 70 abstracts, and six patents. His research interests include biomedical devices, clinical trials, regenerative tissues, biomaterials, and bioinspired design.

• Foreword xixPreface xxiPart 1: Introduction to 3D and 4D Printing 11 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: An Overview 3Diptee Gupta, Swatantra K.S. Kushwaha and Ashwani Kumar Chaturvedi1.1 Introduction 41.2 Historical Evolution of 3D and 4D Printing 61.3 Key Elements of 4D Printing 71.4 The Mechanics of 3D and 4D Printing 91.5 Materials Utilized in 3D and 4D Printing 131.6 Smart Materials Used in 4D Printing 181.7 Stimuli Responsive Smart Materials Utilized in 4D Printing 261.8 4D Printing Applications in Biomedical Field 262 Materials for 3D and 4D Bioprinting 39Sheetal S. Samant, Vijay A. Jagtap, Shruti V. Kolambkar and Faizan A. Beerwala2.1 Introduction 402.2 Fundamentals of Bioprinting Materials 432.3 Materials for 3D Bioprinting 462.4 Materials for 4D Bioprinting 472.5 Fabrication Techniques and Material Considerations 502.6 Applications of 3D and 4D Bioprinting Materials 512.7 Challenges and Future Directions 532.8 Conclusion 553 3D Printing Biocomposites: Fabrication Methods and Process Optimization 63N. Selvasudha, A.M. Renosa Sarun, K. Subalakshmi, V.G. Akilandeshwari, G. Geetha and U.M. Dhanalekshmi3.1 Introduction 643.2 3D Printing Fabrication Methods 653.3 Powder-Based 3D Printing 673.4 Resin-Based 3D Printing 683.5 Process Optimization 713.6 Recent Advancement of 3D Printing 733.7 Application of 3D Printing Biocomposites Fabrication Methods and Process Optimization 803.8 Global Market for 3D Printed Biocomposite Products 833.9 Conclusion of Future Prospects of 3D Printing Biocomposites 85Part 2: Specialised Applications 914 Applications of Biocomposites in Vascular and Cardiac Tissue Engineering 93S.K. Abdul Rahaman, V. V. Siva Krishna Pushadapu, P. Srinivasa Babu and T. E. G. K. Murthy4.1 Introduction 944.2 Classification of Biocomposites in Vascular and Cardiac Engineering 974.3 Interactions between Biopolymers and Cells 1054.4 Applications of Biopolymeric Composite Materials 1084.5 Future Directions 1164.6 Challenges and Future Developments 1164.7 Conclusions and Prospects 1175 Cartilage and Soft Tissue Engineering Using Biocomposite 123Prerna Mehta5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Fundamentals of Cartilage and Soft Tissue 1265.3 Role of Extracellular Matrix in Tissue Health 1295.4 Design Approaches in Biocomposite Development 1335.5 Fabrication Methods for Biocomposites 1375.6 Biological Responses to Biocomposites 1405.7 Challenges in Cartilage and Soft Tissue Engineering 1435.8 Applications of Biocomposite-Based Methods 1465.9 Personalized Medicine and Future Perspectives 1485.10 Conclusion 1516 Biocomposite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 157J. Pushpa Sweety, U.M. Dhanalekshmi, M. Arul Prakash, M. Kavitha, S. Pragatheeswaran and N. Selvasudha6.1 Introduction 1586.2 Ideal Properties of Biocomposites in 3D and 4D Printing 1606.3 Factors Influencing 3D and 4D Bioprinting 1656.4 Polymers in Biocomposite-Based 3D and 4D Scaffolds 1696.5 Overview of 3D and 4D Printing Techniques 1736.6 3D- and 4D-Printed Biocomposites in Drug Delivery 1756.7 Application of 3D and 4D Biocomposites Scaffolds for BTE 1786.8 Challenges and New Directions 1836.9 Conclusion 1847 Biocomposites in 4D Printing: Enhancing Regenerative Medicine 197Shruti Khare, Swatantra K. S. Kushwaha, Amit Mishra and Neelottma Kushwaha7.1 Introduction 1987.2 Composition of Biocomposites 2007.3 Materials Employed as Biomaterials 2047.4 Integration of Biocomposites in 4D Printing Technology 2057.5 4D Printing Utilizing Smart Polymeric Materials 2077.6 Advantages of Biocomposites in 4D Printing 2087.7 The Different Obstacles Faced During the Utilization of Biomineral Based Composite Materials 2107.8 Conclusion 2118 Scalability and Commercialization of 3D/4D-Printed Biocomposites 219Anjali Rana, Shivam Rajput, Ajesh Chauhan and Rishabha Malviya8.1 Introduction 2208.2 Composition of Biocomposites 2228.3 Scalability: From Prototypes to Mass Production 2248.4 Challenges in Scaling Up 2278.5 Commercialization of Biocomposites 2288.6 Emerging Trends in the 3D/4D Printing of Biocomposites Made from Natural Fibers 2308.7 Conclusion 2339 4D Printing Biocomposites: Fabricating Dynamic Tissues 241Atifa Khan, Abdullah Khan, Syed Salman Ali, Ashwin Kumar Saxena, Aditya Sharma and Priyanka Saroj9.1 Introduction 2429.2 Fundamentals of 4D Printing 2479.3 Biocomposites in 4D Printing 2519.4 Smart Biomaterials for Dynamic Tissues 2539.5 Fabrication Techniques and Technologies 2559.6 Dynamic Tissue Engineering Applications 2579.7 Case Studies and Recent Advances 2609.8 Challenges and Limitations 2629.9 Future Perspectives 2639.10 Conclusion 26510 Biocomposites in Tissue Engineering 271Anjali Rana, Shivam Rajput, Ajesh Chauhan and Rishabha Malviya10.1 Introduction 27210.2 Biocomposites 27310.3 Applications of Biocomposites in Tissue Engineering 28310.4 Conclusion 29011 Designing Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering 299Deepak Kumar, Sonali Sundram, Shairy Priya, Md. Azhar and Rishabha Malviya11.1 Introduction 30011.2 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 30211.3 Designing Smart Biomaterials 30611.4 Advances in Biocomposites Scaffold Fabrication Techniques 30811.5 Conclusion 31512 Biocompatibility and Immunogenicity of Biocomposites 323Ajesh Chauhan, Shivam Rajput and Rishabha Malviya12.1 Introduction 32412.2 Biological System 32712.3 Biological Endpoint 33012.4 In Vivo Tests 33312.5 PLA Biocomposites 33412.6 Nanoparticle-Reinforced Biocomposites 33512.7 Biocomposites Derived from Silk 33712.8 Immunomodulatory Properties: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence 33812.9 Evaluation in a Stem Cell Model of Dermatitis (Chitosan-Xanthan-Hydroxyapatite Composite) 34012.10 Conclusion 341Part 3: Regulatory Considerations and Future Perspectives of 3D and 4D Printing 34913 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations in 3D and 4D Printing for Healthcare 351Komal Gupta, Niranjan Kaushik, Amit Singh and Vikram Sharma13.1 Introduction 35213.2 Scope and Objectives of the Chapter 35613.3 Detail Understanding for Printing Via 3D and 4D Printing in Healthcare 35613.4 Ethical Considerations in 3D and 4D Printing 36713.5 Regulatory and Ethical Issues with 4D Printing in Healthcare 37413.6 Prospects for the Future 38013.7 4DP Utilization in Healthcare 383References 384Index 393