Hilary Lloyd is Principal Lecturer in Nursing Practice Development and Research and Deputy Head of Nursing R and D; this is a joint post between City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Northumbria University.Helen Hancock is Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Centre for Integrated Health Care Research, School for Health at Durham University.Steven Campbell is Head of Research and Development City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Chair of Nursing Practice, School of Health, Community and Education Studies, Northumbria University.

'...a useful resource for clinical staff, laying great emphasis on the evidence base for current practice.Principles of Care is aimed at students and newly qualified staff and, in this respect, hits the bullseye... This book is one which I would be glad to have on my bookshelf as a permanent reference.' Nursing Standard

• About the authors ixPreface xiAcknowledgements xiiSection 1 Principles of Health and Illness1 Concepts of Health 3Introduction 3Health and illness 3Models of health behaviour 8Responses to illness or the threat of illness 11References 132 Behaviour in Health and Illness 15Introduction 15Health behaviour 16Illness behaviour 16Psychological perspectives 19Cultural perspectives 21Behaviour and beliefs in health and illness 23References 253 Nursing Theories and Nursing Models 27Introduction 27Nursing theory 28Nursing models 32Nursing theorists 33References 384 Principles of the Nursing Process 40Introduction 40Stages of the nursing process 41The nursing process and nursing models 48References 55Section 2 Principles of Nursing Practice5 Essence of Care and Individualised Nursing 59Introduction 59Essence of Care 59Benchmarking 61The organisation of nursing care 64References 696 Principles of Communication 72Introduction 72Patient participation 73Communication 74Securing consent 79Ethics 82Patient advocacy 82References 837 Developing Therapeutic Relationships 85Introduction 85Therapeutic relationships 86Challenges 91Counselling 92Defence mechanisms 93References 948 Patient Education and Health Promotion 96Introduction 96Patient education 96Health promotion 100References 104Section 3 Principles of Health Care Delivery9 Multi-disciplinary Working 109Introduction 109Multi-disciplinary working 109Integrated care pathways 113Patient journey 116References 11810 Decision Making 120Introduction 120What is decision making? 121Decision making in nursing 122Risks in decision making 122Decision making theory 123Factors affecting decision making in practice 127References 13011 Evidence-based Practice 133Introduction 133What is evidence-based practice? 134Definitions of evidence-based practice 134Why should practice be evidence-based? 135What is evidence? 136Finding–appraising–applying evidence 140Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice in nursing 146Resources to aid the implementation of evidence-based practice 147Evaluating a change to practice 148References 14912 Environments of Care 151Introduction 151The need for changes to service delivery in health care 152Environments of care 153User involvement in health care 155Patient choice 157References 159Section 4 Principles of Professional Issues13 Modernisation and Role Development 165Introduction 165Modernisation 165New initiatives 168New roles and new skills for nurses 171Regulation 177References 17814 Frameworks for Best Practice 180Introduction 180Clinical governance 181Models of clinical governance 182Implementing clinical governance 187Support for the implementation of clinical governance 190The cyclical nature of clinical governance: measuring performance 193References 19515 Practice Development and Clinical Effectiveness 198Introduction 198Change 199Change theory 200Practice development and clinical effectiveness 201Practice development 201Clinical effectiveness 206Outcomes 209References 21016 Scope of Professional Practice 212Introduction 212The development of the nursing profession 213Scope of practice and professional standards 214Knowledge for practice 216Professional regulation 222The future 225References 226Index 230

Hilary Lloyd is Principal Lecturer in Nursing Practice Development and Research and Deputy Head of Nursing R and D; this is a joint post between City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Northumbria University.Helen Hancock is Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Centre for Integrated Health Care Research, School for Health at Durham University.Steven Campbell is Head of Research and Development City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Chair of Nursing Practice, School of Health, Community and Education Studies, Northumbria University.

'...a useful resource for clinical staff, laying great emphasis on the evidence base for current practice.Principles of Care is aimed at students and newly qualified staff and, in this respect, hits the bullseye... This book is one which I would be glad to have on my bookshelf as a permanent reference.' Nursing Standard

• About the authors ixPreface xiAcknowledgements xiiSection 1 Principles of Health and Illness1 Concepts of Health 3Introduction 3Health and illness 3Models of health behaviour 8Responses to illness or the threat of illness 11References 132 Behaviour in Health and Illness 15Introduction 15Health behaviour 16Illness behaviour 16Psychological perspectives 19Cultural perspectives 21Behaviour and beliefs in health and illness 23References 253 Nursing Theories and Nursing Models 27Introduction 27Nursing theory 28Nursing models 32Nursing theorists 33References 384 Principles of the Nursing Process 40Introduction 40Stages of the nursing process 41The nursing process and nursing models 48References 55Section 2 Principles of Nursing Practice5 Essence of Care and Individualised Nursing 59Introduction 59Essence of Care 59Benchmarking 61The organisation of nursing care 64References 696 Principles of Communication 72Introduction 72Patient participation 73Communication 74Securing consent 79Ethics 82Patient advocacy 82References 837 Developing Therapeutic Relationships 85Introduction 85Therapeutic relationships 86Challenges 91Counselling 92Defence mechanisms 93References 948 Patient Education and Health Promotion 96Introduction 96Patient education 96Health promotion 100References 104Section 3 Principles of Health Care Delivery9 Multi-disciplinary Working 109Introduction 109Multi-disciplinary working 109Integrated care pathways 113Patient journey 116References 11810 Decision Making 120Introduction 120What is decision making? 121Decision making in nursing 122Risks in decision making 122Decision making theory 123Factors affecting decision making in practice 127References 13011 Evidence-based Practice 133Introduction 133What is evidence-based practice? 134Definitions of evidence-based practice 134Why should practice be evidence-based? 135What is evidence? 136Finding–appraising–applying evidence 140Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice in nursing 146Resources to aid the implementation of evidence-based practice 147Evaluating a change to practice 148References 14912 Environments of Care 151Introduction 151The need for changes to service delivery in health care 152Environments of care 153User involvement in health care 155Patient choice 157References 159Section 4 Principles of Professional Issues13 Modernisation and Role Development 165Introduction 165Modernisation 165New initiatives 168New roles and new skills for nurses 171Regulation 177References 17814 Frameworks for Best Practice 180Introduction 180Clinical governance 181Models of clinical governance 182Implementing clinical governance 187Support for the implementation of clinical governance 190The cyclical nature of clinical governance: measuring performance 193References 19515 Practice Development and Clinical Effectiveness 198Introduction 198Change 199Change theory 200Practice development and clinical effectiveness 201Practice development 201Clinical effectiveness 206Outcomes 209References 21016 Scope of Professional Practice 212Introduction 212The development of the nursing profession 213Scope of practice and professional standards 214Knowledge for practice 216Professional regulation 222The future 225References 226Index 230

Hilary Lloyd is Principal Lecturer in Nursing Practice Development and Research and Deputy Head of Nursing R and D; this is a joint post between City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Northumbria University.Helen Hancock is Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Centre for Integrated Health Care Research, School for Health at Durham University.Steven Campbell is Head of Research and Development City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Chair of Nursing Practice, School of Health, Community and Education Studies, Northumbria University.

'...a useful resource for clinical staff, laying great emphasis on the evidence base for current practice.Principles of Care is aimed at students and newly qualified staff and, in this respect, hits the bullseye... This book is one which I would be glad to have on my bookshelf as a permanent reference.' Nursing Standard

• About the authors ixPreface xiAcknowledgements xiiSection 1 Principles of Health and Illness1 Concepts of Health 3Introduction 3Health and illness 3Models of health behaviour 8Responses to illness or the threat of illness 11References 132 Behaviour in Health and Illness 15Introduction 15Health behaviour 16Illness behaviour 16Psychological perspectives 19Cultural perspectives 21Behaviour and beliefs in health and illness 23References 253 Nursing Theories and Nursing Models 27Introduction 27Nursing theory 28Nursing models 32Nursing theorists 33References 384 Principles of the Nursing Process 40Introduction 40Stages of the nursing process 41The nursing process and nursing models 48References 55Section 2 Principles of Nursing Practice5 Essence of Care and Individualised Nursing 59Introduction 59Essence of Care 59Benchmarking 61The organisation of nursing care 64References 696 Principles of Communication 72Introduction 72Patient participation 73Communication 74Securing consent 79Ethics 82Patient advocacy 82References 837 Developing Therapeutic Relationships 85Introduction 85Therapeutic relationships 86Challenges 91Counselling 92Defence mechanisms 93References 948 Patient Education and Health Promotion 96Introduction 96Patient education 96Health promotion 100References 104Section 3 Principles of Health Care Delivery9 Multi-disciplinary Working 109Introduction 109Multi-disciplinary working 109Integrated care pathways 113Patient journey 116References 11810 Decision Making 120Introduction 120What is decision making? 121Decision making in nursing 122Risks in decision making 122Decision making theory 123Factors affecting decision making in practice 127References 13011 Evidence-based Practice 133Introduction 133What is evidence-based practice? 134Definitions of evidence-based practice 134Why should practice be evidence-based? 135What is evidence? 136Finding–appraising–applying evidence 140Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice in nursing 146Resources to aid the implementation of evidence-based practice 147Evaluating a change to practice 148References 14912 Environments of Care 151Introduction 151The need for changes to service delivery in health care 152Environments of care 153User involvement in health care 155Patient choice 157References 159Section 4 Principles of Professional Issues13 Modernisation and Role Development 165Introduction 165Modernisation 165New initiatives 168New roles and new skills for nurses 171Regulation 177References 17814 Frameworks for Best Practice 180Introduction 180Clinical governance 181Models of clinical governance 182Implementing clinical governance 187Support for the implementation of clinical governance 190The cyclical nature of clinical governance: measuring performance 193References 19515 Practice Development and Clinical Effectiveness 198Introduction 198Change 199Change theory 200Practice development and clinical effectiveness 201Practice development 201Clinical effectiveness 206Outcomes 209References 21016 Scope of Professional Practice 212Introduction 212The development of the nursing profession 213Scope of practice and professional standards 214Knowledge for practice 216Professional regulation 222The future 225References 226Index 230