Tim McNamara is Professor of Applied Linguistics at The University of Melbourne, where he gained his Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics, and where he helped establish the Language Testing Research Centre, of which he was subsequently Director. His research interests include language testing, language teaching, and language and identity. His recent work has focused on the relevance of contemporary social theory to concerns in language assessment and other areas of applied linguistics, including the role of language tests in the processing of the claims of asylum seekers and in citizenship procedures. He is the author of Language Testing (2000) and has published widely in applied linguistics journals.Carsten Roever is a Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at the University of Melbourne. He has a Ph.D. in Second Language Studies from the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa. His main research interest is the assessment of second language pragmatics. Some of his favorite topics are acquisition of pragmatic knowledge, second language aptitude, web-based language testing, and research design. He has published in Language Testing, Language Learning & Technology, and various edited collections.

"A major strength of this volume is that it has the potential for opening up a dialog on the social and political consequences of language testing." (Language Teaching, Jan 2009) "This book … offers a unique perspective [and] has enormous potential to assist anyone wishing to broaden their understanding of language testing.” (TESL-EJ.org) "McNamara and Roever have done a fine job, and have produced an important and much needed book." (Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development)"McNamara and Roever’s approach to the consequential and social aspects of language testing impressed the awards committee for its originality, breadth of coverage, scholarship, and potential for impact both within and beyond the immediate field of language testing. The authors’ examination of test design and validation compares, contrasts, and evaluates the more traditional ways of conceptualizing the social aspects of language testing with a number of contemporary methods.  McNamara and Roever’s ability to connect these methods results in a timely and comprehensive text expected to influence the field for many years to come." (The 2009 Sage/ITLA Award Committee)

• Series Editor’s Foreword xiAcknowledgements xvChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Validity and Social Dimension of Language Testing 9Chapter 3 The Social Dimension of Proficiency: How Testable Is It? 43Chapter 4 Psychometric Approaches to Fairness Bias and DIF 81Chapter 5 Fairness Reviews and Codes of Ethics 129Chapter 6 Language Tests and Social Identity 149Chapter 7 Language Assessments at School: Social Values and Policy 203Chapter 8 Where to From Here? Implications of Research and Training 247References 257Index 285