Thomas H. Christensen is Professor of Environmental Engineering at the Institute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.

"Written by 40 internationally known experts, and carefully edited for consistency, the book is a balanced account of all aspects of municipal solid waste management, treatment and disposal, and covers both engineering and management aspects with an overarching emphasis on the life-cycle analysis approach." (MyCFO, 28 February 2011)

• Preface xi List of Contributors xiiiVOLUME 11 INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction toWaste Management 3Thomas H. Christensen1.2 Introduction toWaste Engineering 17Thomas H. Christensen1.3 Introduction toWaste Economics 29Hanna Merrild and Thomas H. Christensen1.4 Introduction toWaste Legislation and Regulation 52Peter Pagh and Henrik Wejdling2 WASTE GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION2.1 Waste Characterization: Approaches and Methods 63Anders Lagerkvist, Holger Ecke and Thomas H. Christensen2.2 Residential Waste 85Thomas H. Christensen, Thilde Fruergaard and Yasushi Matsufuji2.3 Commercial and InstitutionalWaste 97Thomas H. Christensen and Thilde Fruergaard2.4 IndustrialWaste 100Thomas H. Christensen2.5 Construction and DemolitionWaste 104Thomas H. Christensen and Lizzi Andersen3 LCA OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS3.1 LCA inWaste Management: Introduction to Principle and Method 113Michael Hauschild and Morton A. Barlaz3.2 Application of LCA inWaste Management 137Anna Bj¨orklund, G¨oran Finnveden and Liselott Roth3.3 LCA Modeling of Waste Management Scenarios 161Thomas H. Christensen, Federico Simion, Davide Tonini and Jacob Møller4 WASTE MINIMIZATION4.1 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Concepts, Strategies and Means 183Stefan Salhofer, Nicole Unger and Bernd Bilitewski4.2 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Cases 193Stefan Salhofer and Nicole Unger5 MATERIAL RECYCLING5.1 Recycling of Paper and Cardboard 203Thomas H. Christensen and Anders Damgaard5.2 Recycling of Glass 211Thomas H. Christensen and Anders Damgaard5.3 Recycling of Plastic 220Thomas H. Christensen and Thilde Fruergaard5.4 Recycling of Metals 234Anders Damgaard and Thomas H. Christensen5.5 Recycling of Construction and DemolitionWaste 243Thomas H. Christensen and Harpa Birgisdottir6 COLLECTION6.1 Waste Collection: Equipment and Vehicles 253Per Nilsson6.2 Waste Collection: Systems and Organization 277Per Nilsson and Thomas H. Christensen6.3 Source Segregation and Collection of Source-Segregated Waste 296Thomas H. Christensen and Yasushi Matsufuji6.4 Waste Transfer Stations 311Thomas H. Christensen7 MECHANICAL TREATMENT7.1 Mechanical Treatment: Unit Processes 321Bernd Bilitewski7.2 Mechanical Treatment: Material Recovery Facilities 349Thomas H. Christensen and Bernd Bilitewski8 THERMAL TREATMENT8.1 Incineration: Process and Technology 365Tore Hulgaard and J¨urgen Vehlow8.2 Incineration: Flue Gas Cleaning and Emissions 393J¨urgen Vehlow and Søren Dalager8.3 Incineration: Mass Balances 421Søren Dalager and Dieter O. Reimann8.4 Incineration: Solid Residues 430Ole Hjelmar, Annette Johnson and Rob Comans8.5 Incineration: Utilization of Residue in Construction 463Maria Arm, T. Taylor Eighmy and Thomas H. Christensen8.6 Incineration: Co-combustion 476Helmut Rechberger8.7 Incineration: RDF and SRF – Solid Fuels fromWaste 486Susanne Rotter8.8 Pyrolysis and Gasification 502Thomas Astrup and Bernd BilitewskiVOLUME 29 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT9.1 Composting: Process 515Edward Stentiford and Marco de Bertoldi9.2 Composting: Technology 533Uta Krogmann, Ina K¨orner and Luis F. Diaz9.3 Composting: Mass Balances and Product Quality 569Alessio Boldrin, Thomas H. Christensen, Ina K¨orner and Uta Krogmann9.4 Anaerobic Digestion: Process 583Irini Angelidaki and Damien John Batstone9.5 Anaerobic Digestion: Technology 601Jes la Cour Jansen9.6 Anaerobic Digestion: Mass Balances and Products 618Jacob Møller, Thomas H. Christensen and Jes la Cour Jansen9.7 Mechanical Biological Treatment 628Bernd Bilitewski, Christiane Oros and Thomas H. Christensen9.8 Emerging Biological Technologies: Biofuels and Biochemicals 639Dimitar Karakashev and Irini Angelidaki9.9 Use of Compost in Horticulture and Landscaping 651Morten Carlsbæk9.10 Utilization of Biologically Treated Organic Waste on Land 665Peter E. Holm, Lars Stoumann Jensen and Michael J. McLaughlin10 LANDFILLING10.1 Landfilling: Concepts and Challenges 685Thomas H. Christensen, Heijo Scharff and Ole Hjelmar10.2 Landfilling: Environmental Issues 695Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi and Peter Kjeldsen10.3 Landfilling: Hydrology 709Peter Kjeldsen and Richard Beaven10.4 Landfilling: Geotechnology 734R. Kerry Rowe and Jamie F. VanGulck10.5 Landfilling: Mineral Waste Landfills 755Ole Hjelmar and Hans A. van der Sloot10.6 Landfilling: Reactor Landfills 772Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi and Keith Knox10.7 Landfilling: MBP Waste Landfills 788Rainer Stegmann10.8 Landfilling: Bottom Lining and Leachate Collection 800Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi, Peter Kjeldsen and Robert B. Wallace10.9 Landfill Top Covers 830Charlotte Scheutz and Peter Kjeldsen10.10 Landfilling: Gas Production, Extraction and Utilization 841Hans Willumsen and Morton A. Barlaz10.11 Landfilling: Leachate Treatment 858Hans-J¨urgen Ehrig and Howard Robinson10.12 Landfilling: Planning, Siting and Design 898Roberto Raga, Raffaello Cossu and Anders Lagerkvist10.13 Landfilling: Operation and Monitoring 914Nicole D. Berge, Eyad S. Batarseh and Debra R. Reinhart10.14 Landfill Closure, Aftercare and Final Use 932Heijo Scharff11 SPECIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE11.1 Healthcare RiskWaste 951Ole Vennicke Christiansen and Peder Bisbjerg11.2 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 960Marianne Bigum and Thomas H Christensen11.3 Preservative Treated Wood 971Ina K¨orner, Jenna Jambeck, Hans Leithoff and Volker Lenz11.4 Hazardous Waste 982Joan Maj Nielsen and Jørn Lauridsen11.5 Other Special Waste 991Line Brogaard and Thomas H. ChristensenIndex 1001

Thomas H. Christensen is Professor of Environmental Engineering at the Institute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.

"Written by 40 internationally known experts, and carefully edited for consistency, the book is a balanced account of all aspects of municipal solid waste management, treatment and disposal, and covers both engineering and management aspects with an overarching emphasis on the life-cycle analysis approach." (MyCFO, 28 February 2011)

• Preface xi List of Contributors xiiiVOLUME 11 INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction toWaste Management 3Thomas H. Christensen1.2 Introduction toWaste Engineering 17Thomas H. Christensen1.3 Introduction toWaste Economics 29Hanna Merrild and Thomas H. Christensen1.4 Introduction toWaste Legislation and Regulation 52Peter Pagh and Henrik Wejdling2 WASTE GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION2.1 Waste Characterization: Approaches and Methods 63Anders Lagerkvist, Holger Ecke and Thomas H. Christensen2.2 Residential Waste 85Thomas H. Christensen, Thilde Fruergaard and Yasushi Matsufuji2.3 Commercial and InstitutionalWaste 97Thomas H. Christensen and Thilde Fruergaard2.4 IndustrialWaste 100Thomas H. Christensen2.5 Construction and DemolitionWaste 104Thomas H. Christensen and Lizzi Andersen3 LCA OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS3.1 LCA inWaste Management: Introduction to Principle and Method 113Michael Hauschild and Morton A. Barlaz3.2 Application of LCA inWaste Management 137Anna Bj¨orklund, G¨oran Finnveden and Liselott Roth3.3 LCA Modeling of Waste Management Scenarios 161Thomas H. Christensen, Federico Simion, Davide Tonini and Jacob Møller4 WASTE MINIMIZATION4.1 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Concepts, Strategies and Means 183Stefan Salhofer, Nicole Unger and Bernd Bilitewski4.2 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Cases 193Stefan Salhofer and Nicole Unger5 MATERIAL RECYCLING5.1 Recycling of Paper and Cardboard 203Thomas H. Christensen and Anders Damgaard5.2 Recycling of Glass 211Thomas H. Christensen and Anders Damgaard5.3 Recycling of Plastic 220Thomas H. Christensen and Thilde Fruergaard5.4 Recycling of Metals 234Anders Damgaard and Thomas H. Christensen5.5 Recycling of Construction and DemolitionWaste 243Thomas H. Christensen and Harpa Birgisdottir6 COLLECTION6.1 Waste Collection: Equipment and Vehicles 253Per Nilsson6.2 Waste Collection: Systems and Organization 277Per Nilsson and Thomas H. Christensen6.3 Source Segregation and Collection of Source-Segregated Waste 296Thomas H. Christensen and Yasushi Matsufuji6.4 Waste Transfer Stations 311Thomas H. Christensen7 MECHANICAL TREATMENT7.1 Mechanical Treatment: Unit Processes 321Bernd Bilitewski7.2 Mechanical Treatment: Material Recovery Facilities 349Thomas H. Christensen and Bernd Bilitewski8 THERMAL TREATMENT8.1 Incineration: Process and Technology 365Tore Hulgaard and J¨urgen Vehlow8.2 Incineration: Flue Gas Cleaning and Emissions 393J¨urgen Vehlow and Søren Dalager8.3 Incineration: Mass Balances 421Søren Dalager and Dieter O. Reimann8.4 Incineration: Solid Residues 430Ole Hjelmar, Annette Johnson and Rob Comans8.5 Incineration: Utilization of Residue in Construction 463Maria Arm, T. Taylor Eighmy and Thomas H. Christensen8.6 Incineration: Co-combustion 476Helmut Rechberger8.7 Incineration: RDF and SRF – Solid Fuels fromWaste 486Susanne Rotter8.8 Pyrolysis and Gasification 502Thomas Astrup and Bernd BilitewskiVOLUME 29 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT9.1 Composting: Process 515Edward Stentiford and Marco de Bertoldi9.2 Composting: Technology 533Uta Krogmann, Ina K¨orner and Luis F. Diaz9.3 Composting: Mass Balances and Product Quality 569Alessio Boldrin, Thomas H. Christensen, Ina K¨orner and Uta Krogmann9.4 Anaerobic Digestion: Process 583Irini Angelidaki and Damien John Batstone9.5 Anaerobic Digestion: Technology 601Jes la Cour Jansen9.6 Anaerobic Digestion: Mass Balances and Products 618Jacob Møller, Thomas H. Christensen and Jes la Cour Jansen9.7 Mechanical Biological Treatment 628Bernd Bilitewski, Christiane Oros and Thomas H. Christensen9.8 Emerging Biological Technologies: Biofuels and Biochemicals 639Dimitar Karakashev and Irini Angelidaki9.9 Use of Compost in Horticulture and Landscaping 651Morten Carlsbæk9.10 Utilization of Biologically Treated Organic Waste on Land 665Peter E. Holm, Lars Stoumann Jensen and Michael J. McLaughlin10 LANDFILLING10.1 Landfilling: Concepts and Challenges 685Thomas H. Christensen, Heijo Scharff and Ole Hjelmar10.2 Landfilling: Environmental Issues 695Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi and Peter Kjeldsen10.3 Landfilling: Hydrology 709Peter Kjeldsen and Richard Beaven10.4 Landfilling: Geotechnology 734R. Kerry Rowe and Jamie F. VanGulck10.5 Landfilling: Mineral Waste Landfills 755Ole Hjelmar and Hans A. van der Sloot10.6 Landfilling: Reactor Landfills 772Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi and Keith Knox10.7 Landfilling: MBP Waste Landfills 788Rainer Stegmann10.8 Landfilling: Bottom Lining and Leachate Collection 800Thomas H. Christensen, Simone Manfredi, Peter Kjeldsen and Robert B. Wallace10.9 Landfill Top Covers 830Charlotte Scheutz and Peter Kjeldsen10.10 Landfilling: Gas Production, Extraction and Utilization 841Hans Willumsen and Morton A. Barlaz10.11 Landfilling: Leachate Treatment 858Hans-J¨urgen Ehrig and Howard Robinson10.12 Landfilling: Planning, Siting and Design 898Roberto Raga, Raffaello Cossu and Anders Lagerkvist10.13 Landfilling: Operation and Monitoring 914Nicole D. Berge, Eyad S. Batarseh and Debra R. Reinhart10.14 Landfill Closure, Aftercare and Final Use 932Heijo Scharff11 SPECIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE11.1 Healthcare RiskWaste 951Ole Vennicke Christiansen and Peder Bisbjerg11.2 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 960Marianne Bigum and Thomas H Christensen11.3 Preservative Treated Wood 971Ina K¨orner, Jenna Jambeck, Hans Leithoff and Volker Lenz11.4 Hazardous Waste 982Joan Maj Nielsen and Jørn Lauridsen11.5 Other Special Waste 991Line Brogaard and Thomas H. ChristensenIndex 1001