James P. Sterba is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He has published 25 books, including Affirmative Action for the Future (2009), Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men? – A Debate (2008, co-authored with Warren Farrell), The Triumph of Practice over Theory in Ethics (2005), Terrorism and International Justice (2003), Three Challenges to Ethics (2001), and Justice for Here and Now (1998). He is a past president of the American Philosophical Association (Central Division), Concerned Philosophers for Peace, the North American Society for Social Philosophy, and the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (American section). He has lectured widely in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

• List of Sources viiIntroduction 1Part I the Nature of Morality: What Is Morality? 251 Plato, Morality as a Good in Itself 272 A. J. Ayer, The Emotive Theory of Morality 353 Brand Blanshard, The New Subjectivism in Morality 434 John R. Searle, How to Derive “Ought” from “Is” 495 Antony Flew, On Not Deriving “Ought” from “Is” 566 Philippa Foot, Moral Beliefs 627 Alasdair MacIntyre, Moral Disagreement Today and the Claims of Emotivism 73Part II the Justification of Morality: Why Be Moral? 818 David Hume, On Reason and the Emotions 839 Alan Gewirth, The Justificatory Argument for Human Rights 8810 Christine M. Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity 9511 James P. Sterba, The Justification of Morality and the Behavior of Women 11512 Alan Gewirth, The Rational Justification of Morality Revisited 13513 Philippa Foot, Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 140Part III Alternative Moral Perspectives: What Does Morality Require? 149A Utility 15114 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 15115 Bernard Williams, Against Utilitarianism 16916 Kai Nielsen, Traditional Morality and Utilitarianism 18117 Michael Stocker, The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories 19218 Peter Railton, Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality 197B Duty 21719 Immanuel Kant, Duty and Categorical Rules 21720 Fred Feldman, Kantian Ethics 23521 Christine M. Korsgaard, Kant on Dealing with Evil 25322 Jan Narveson, Liberty and Equality – A Question of Balance? 27123 James P. Sterba, Our Basic Human Right is a Right to Liberty and It Leads to Equality 28524 John Rawls, Welfare Liberalism 29625 Charles W. Mills, Race and the Social Contract Tradition 315C Virtue 33026 Aristotle, The Virtuous Life 33027 Martha Nussbaum, Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach 34928 Alasdair MacIntyre, The Nature of Virtues 37129 Rosalind Hursthouse, Normative Virtue Ethics 38930 Robert N. Johnson, Virtue and Right 40031 Sean Drysdale Walsh, Teleology, Aristotelian Virtue, and Right 40932 Julia Annas, Ancient Ethics and Modern Morality 419Part IV Challenges for Morality 435A Feminism: How is Gender Relevant to Morality? 43733 Musonius Rufus, Equality for Men and Women 43734 Carol Gilligan, Moral Orientation and Moral Development 44235 Virginia Held, Caring Relations and Principles of Justice 45636 Claudia Card, Particular Justice and General Care 47037 James P. Sterba, The Masculine Bias in Traditional Ethics and How to Correct It 477B Environmentalism: Who is to Count in Morality? 49838 Frans De Waal, Chimpanzee Justice 49839 Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal 50040 Paul W. Taylor, The Ethics of Respect for Nature 51541 James P. Sterba, Kantians and Utilitarians and the Moral Status of Nonhuman Life 53142 Karen J. Warren, The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism 552C Multiculturalism: Morality From Whose cultural Perspective? 56343 Ayaan Hirsi Ali, A Modern Clash of Cultures 56344 Madeleine Bunting, Can Islam Liberate Women? 57245 George W. Bush, Freedom and Democracy 57846 Noam Chomsky, Understanding the Bush Doctrine 585Suggested Readings 587