David Stidwill F.C.Optom., Dip. C.L.P. works in private practice and is a visiting lecturer at the Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham. He is Honorary Secretary of the Orthoptic and Binocular Vision Association, and is an examiner for the College of Optometrists. Robert Fletcher M.Sc (Tech) F.C.Optom., D.Orth is Professor Emeritus in Optometry & Visual Science at City University, London.

"Overall, this book is admirable and largely successful in its aim of providing a manageable theoretical background for the binocular vision student or clinician, and as such I can recommend it to any optometrist who feels a little unsure or rusty in this area." (Optician, 10 February 2012)

• Preface vAcknowledgements viAbbreviations viiChapter 1: Introduction to Normal Binocular Vision 1Chapter 2: The Development of Binocular Vision 15Chapter 3: Binocular Summation 29Chapter 4: The Binocular Fusion System 38Chapter 5: Diplopia and Confusion, Suppression and Rivalry 57Chapter 6: The Normal Horopter 72Chapter 7: The Extrinsic, or Extra-ocular, Muscles 100Chapter 8: Eye Movements 119Chapter 9: Visual Response to Near Objects 140Chapter 10: The Binocular Integrative Action of the Visual System 152Chapter 11: Depth Perception 172Chapter 12: Measurement of Binocular Motor and Sensory Status 196Appendix 1: Practical Experiments in Binocular Vision 218Appendix 2: Summary of Cortical Organisation in Relation to Vision 235Appendix 3: Further Reading 236Appendix 4: Norms for Binocular Visual Functions 237Appendix 5: Terminology 238Appendix 6: Glossary 240References 249Index 263

David Stidwill F.C.Optom., Dip. C.L.P. works in private practice and is a visiting lecturer at the Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham. He is Honorary Secretary of the Orthoptic and Binocular Vision Association, and is an examiner for the College of Optometrists. Robert Fletcher M.Sc (Tech) F.C.Optom., D.Orth is Professor Emeritus in Optometry & Visual Science at City University, London.

"Overall, this book is admirable and largely successful in its aim of providing a manageable theoretical background for the binocular vision student or clinician, and as such I can recommend it to any optometrist who feels a little unsure or rusty in this area." (Optician, 10 February 2012)

• Preface vAcknowledgements viAbbreviations viiChapter 1: Introduction to Normal Binocular Vision 1Chapter 2: The Development of Binocular Vision 15Chapter 3: Binocular Summation 29Chapter 4: The Binocular Fusion System 38Chapter 5: Diplopia and Confusion, Suppression and Rivalry 57Chapter 6: The Normal Horopter 72Chapter 7: The Extrinsic, or Extra-ocular, Muscles 100Chapter 8: Eye Movements 119Chapter 9: Visual Response to Near Objects 140Chapter 10: The Binocular Integrative Action of the Visual System 152Chapter 11: Depth Perception 172Chapter 12: Measurement of Binocular Motor and Sensory Status 196Appendix 1: Practical Experiments in Binocular Vision 218Appendix 2: Summary of Cortical Organisation in Relation to Vision 235Appendix 3: Further Reading 236Appendix 4: Norms for Binocular Visual Functions 237Appendix 5: Terminology 238Appendix 6: Glossary 240References 249Index 263