The Psychology of Ethnic Groups in the United States

Pamela Balls Organista, Ph.D., an African American psychologist, is Professor of Psychology at the University of San Francisco.  Her research interests are in the areas of prevention interventions and ethnic minority health issues.  Publications include the books, "Readings in Ethnic Psychology" (Routledge 1998) and "Acculturation" (APA 2003), which she co-edited with Kevin M. Chun and Gerardo Marin, and several articles on migrant laborers and AIDS and stress and coping in primary care patients.  She is the founding faculty coordinator of the Ethnic Studies Program at the University of San Francisco. Gerardo Marin, PhD, is a Professor of Latin American Studies and Psychology, is Associate Provost at the University of San Francisco, and is an APA Fellow. He received his Ph.D. in social psychology from De Paul University. He has written more than 135 publications on topics that are relevant to Hispanics, including cultural norms and attitudes, risk behaviors, culturally appropriate methodology, and acculturation. He is the author of two widely used acculturation scales for Hispanics and was the editor of the recent Surgeon General′s Report on Smoking regarding the four ethnic minority groups. In 1991, he coauthored the book Research With Hispanic Populations with Barbara VanOss Marin and is also the co-editor of Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research (2003) and Readings in Ethnic Psychology (1998). Kevin M. Chun, Ph.D., a Chinese American psychologist, is Associate Professor of Psychology and Asian American Studies at the University of San Francisco, Senior Investigator at the University of California at San Francisco, and Alumni Scholar at the National Research Center on Asian American Mental Health, University of California at Davis.  His research focuses on processes of adaptation and their relation to health and psychosocial adjustment for Asian American immigrants and refugees.  Publications include "Readings in Ethnic Psychology" (Routledge 1998) and "Acculturation" (APA 2003), which he co-edited with professors Pamela Balls Organista and Gerardo Marin.  He is also a contributing author to several scholarly compendiums, including "Handbook of Asian American Psychology" and "Ethnocultural Approaches to Understanding Posttraumatic Stress Disorder."

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• 1: ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND PSYCHOLOGYOutlineVignette: Learning About Ethnic Diversity in PsychologyThe United States as an Ethnically Diverse SocietyThe Ethnic Diversity of the United StatesWhy Study the Psychology of Ethnic Diversity?Ethnic Psychology as Different From Cross-Cultural PsychologyThe Growth of Ethnic PsychologyKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading2: BASIC THEORETICAL CONCEPTSOutlineVignette: "Mommy, What Color Are You?"Understanding CultureUnderstanding EthnicityUnderstanding RaceSocial Orientations or Ways of BeingSocial StratificationMinority StatusPower and PrivilegeKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading3: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCHOutlineVignette: "That Is Not Me!"Culturally Appropriate ResearchImplementing Culturally Appropriate ResearchThe Problem of Limited Participation in ResearchEthical ConsiderationsKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading4: ACCULTURATIONOutlineVignette: "Call Me ′Jessie,′ Not ′Josefina!"Defining AcculturationAcculturation, Assimilation, and Segmented AssimilationModels of AcculturationGenerational Differences and AcculturationAcculturative StressMeasuring AcculturationLevels of AcculturationKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading5: INTERSECTING IDENTITIES: ETHNIC, RACIAL, GENDER, SEXUAL, AND CLASS DIMENSIONSOutlineVignette: Why Do We Have To Label Everyone?"What Is Identity? Understanding the Multiple Facets of the SelfDimensions of Identity in a Sociocultural ContextHow Do Identities Intersect? Heterogeneity and Hybridity in a Multicultural WorldModels of Identity Development and FormationRelationship of Identities to Psychosocial AdjustmentKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading6: FAMILY STRUCTURE, RELATIONS, AND SOCIALIZATIONOutlineVignette: In My Family, We Never Openly Say ′I Love You′"An Ecological Perspective of Family FunctioningHow Do You Define a Family? Family Structures and Household ArrangementsFamily Functioning, Socialization, and AdjustmentKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading7: SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN AN ETHNICALLY DIVERSE SOCIETYOutlineVignette: A True Story by One of the Authors (G.M.)Stereotypes, Prejudice, and DiscriminationRacismThe Effects of Prejudice, Discrimination, and RacismReducing Prejudice, Discrimination, and RacismThe Benefits of an Ethnically Diverse SocietyThe Effects of Studying at a Diverse CollegeKey TermsLearning by DoingFurther Readings8: PHYSICAL HEALTHOutlineVignette: "Son, I′ve Lost Something."Influential Models of HealthCulture, Ethnicity, and HealthHealth Disparities Among Ethnic GroupsCulturally Competent Health CareKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading9: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND TREATMENT ISSUESOutlineVignette: "He′s Alright. He′s Just Funny That Way."Mental Health and Psychological DistressPrevalence of Major Psychological Disorders Among Ethnic MinoritiesCulture-Bound Syndromes--Their ManifestationsService UtilizationSelected Factors Influencing Effective Delivery of Mental Health ServicesPractical and Ethical Guidelines for Culturally Sensitive PracticeKey TermsLearning by DoingSuggested Further Reading10: AN EPILOGUE ON THE FUTURE OF ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGYOutlineCommunity-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)Positive Psychology and the Role of ResilienceThe Sociopolitical Context of Ethnic Psychology Within the United StatesKey Terms