Select Guide Rating

• . Student Paper Types, Elements, and FormatGeneral Guidelines for Student Papers. Application of APA Style to Student Papers.2 Student Essays.3 Annotated Bibliographies.4 Dissertations and Theses.5 Student Paper Required ElementsPaper Elements. Title Page.7 Title.8 Author Name (Byline).9 Author Affiliation. Abstract. Text (Body). 2 Reference List. 3 Footnotes. 4 AppendicesFormat. 5 Importance of Format. Order of Pages. 7 Page Header. 8 Font. 9 Special Characters.2 Line Spacing.2 Margins.22 Paragraph Alignment.23 Paragraph Indentation.24 Paper LengthOrganization.25 Principles of Organization.2 Heading Levels.27 Section LabelsSample Student Paper  2. Writing Style and GrammarEffective Scholarly Writing2. Continuity and Flow2.2 Transitions2.3 Noun Strings2.4 Conciseness and Clarity2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy2. Sentence and Paragraph Length2.7 Tone2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms2.9 Jargon2. Logical Comparisons2. AnthropomorphismGrammar and Usage2. 2 Verb Tense2. 3 Active and Passive Voice2. 4 Mood2. 5 Subject and Verb Agreement2. First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns2. 7 Editorial amp ldquo We amp rdquo 2. 8 Singular amp ldquo They amp rdquo 2. 9 Pronouns for People and Animals ( amp ldquo Who amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo That amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects ( amp ldquo Who vs. Whom amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses ( amp ldquo That amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo Which amp rdquo )2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers2.24 Parallel ConstructionStrategies to Improve Your Writing2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example2.2 Writing From an Outline2.27 Rereading the Draft2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students2.29 Working With Writing Centers2.3 Revising a Paper  3. Bias-Free Language GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines for Reducing Bias3. Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity3.2 Be Sensitive to LabelsReducing Bias by Topic3.3 Age3.4 Disability3.5 Gender3. Participation in Research3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity3.8 Sexual Orientation3.9 Socioeconomic Status3. Intersectionality  4. Punctuation, Lists, and ItalicsPunctuation4. Spacing After Punctuation Marks4.2 Period4.3 Comma4.4 Semicolon4.5 Colon4. Dash4.7 Quotation Marks4.8 Parentheses4.9 Square Brackets4. SlashLists4. List Guidelines4. 2 Lettered Lists4. 3 Numbered Lists4. 4 Bulleted ListsItalics4. 5 Use of Italics4. Reverse Italics  5. Spelling, Capitalization, and AbbreviationsSpelling5. Preferred Spelling5.2 HyphenationCapitalization5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names5.5 Job Titles and Positions5. Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters5. Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment5. Names of Factors, Variables, and EffectsAbbreviations5. 2 Use of Abbreviations5. 3 Definition of Abbreviations5. 4 Format of Abbreviations5. 5 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations5. Time Abbreviations5. 7 Latin Abbreviations5. 8 Chemical Compound Abbreviations amp emsp  . Numbers and StatisticsNumbers. Numbers Expressed in Numerals.2 Numbers Expressed in Words.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers.4 Ordinal Numbers.5 Decimal Fractions. Roman Numerals.7 Commas in Numbers.8 Plurals of NumbersStatistics and Equations.9 Presentation of Statistics. Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations. Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics. 2 Presentation of Equations  7. Tables and FiguresGeneral Guidelines for Tables and Figures7. Purpose of Tables and Figures7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text7. Placement of Tables and Figures7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and FiguresTables7.8 Principles of Table Construction7.9 Table Components7. Table Numbers7. Table Titles7. 2 Table Headings7. 3 Table Body7. 4 Table Notes7. 5 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures7. Confidence Intervals in Tables7. 7 Table Borders and Shading7. 8 Long or Wide Tables7. 9 Relation Between Tables7.2 Table Checklist7.2 Sample TablesFigures7.22 Principles of Figure Construction7.23 Figure Components7.24 Figure Numbers7.25 Figure Titles7.2 Figure Images7.27 Figure Legends7.28 Figure Notes7.29 Relation Between Figures7.3 Photographs7.3 Figure Checklist7.32 Sample Figures8. Works Credited in the TextGeneral Guidelines for Citation8. Appropriate Level of Citation8.2 Plagiarism8.3 Self-Plagiarism8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version8. Primary and Secondary SourcesWorks Requiring Special Approaches8.7 Interviews8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources8.9 Personal CommunicationsIn-Text Citations8. Author amp ndash Date Citation System8. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations8. 2 Citing Multiple Works8. 3 Citing Specific Parts of a Source8. 4 Unknown or Anonymous Author8. 5 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates8. Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations8. 7 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations8. 8 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations8. 9 Works With the Same Author and Same Date8.2 Authors With the Same Surname8.2 Abbreviating Group Authors8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and AppsParaphrases and Quotations8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing8.24 Long Paraphrases8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation8.2 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 4 Words)8.27 Block Quotations (4 Words or More)8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers8.29 Accuracy of Quotations8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks8.34 EpigraphsCopyright and Permission 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials8.3 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution8.37 Copyright Status8.38 Permission and Fair Use8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats  9. Reference ListReference Categories9. Determining the Reference Category9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category9.3 Online and Print ReferencesPrinciples of Reference List Entries9.4 Four Elements of a Reference9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries9. Accuracy and Consistency in ReferencesReference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source)9.7 Author Element9.8 Format of the Author Element9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names9. Identification of Specialized Roles9. Group Authors9. 2 No Author9. 3 Date Element9. 4 Format of the Date Element9. 5 Updated or Reviewed Online Works9. Retrieval Dates9. 7 No Date9. 8 Title Element9. 9 Format of the Title Element9.2 Series and Multivolume Works9.2 Bracketed Descriptions9.22 No Title9.23 Source Element9.24 Format of the Source Element9.25 Periodical Sources9.2 Online Periodicals With Missing Information9.27 Article Numbers9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources9.29 Publisher Sources9.3 Database and Archive Sources9.3 Works With Specific Locations9.32 Social Media Sources9.33 Website Sources9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs9.3 DOI or URL Shorteners9.37 No SourceReference Variations9.38 Works in Another Language9.39 Translated Works9.4 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works9.4 Religious and Classical WorksReference List Format and Order9.42 Format of the Reference List9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author9.4 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author9.49 Abbreviations in References  . Reference ExamplesAuthor VariationsDate VariationsTitle VariationsSource VariationsTextual Works                                                                 . Periodicals amp emsp .2 Books and Reference Works amp emsp .3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works amp emsp .4 Reports and Gray Literature amp emsp .5 Dissertations and Theses amp emsp . Reviews amp emsp .7 Informally Published Works amp emsp Software and Tests                                                          .8 Computer Software and Mobile Apps amp emsp .9 Tests, Scales, and Inventories amp emsp Audiovisual Media                                                          . Audiovisual Works amp emsp . Audio Works amp emsp . 2 Visual Works amp emsp Online Media                                                                   . 3 Social Media. 4 Webpages and Websites amp emsp Legal References. 5 Cases or Court Decisions. Statutes (Laws and Acts). 7 Constitutions and Charters. 8 Treaties and International Conventions

Select Guide Rating

• . Student Paper Types, Elements, and FormatGeneral Guidelines for Student Papers. Application of APA Style to Student Papers.2 Student Essays.3 Annotated Bibliographies.4 Dissertations and Theses.5 Student Paper Required ElementsPaper Elements. Title Page.7 Title.8 Author Name (Byline).9 Author Affiliation. Abstract. Text (Body). 2 Reference List. 3 Footnotes. 4 AppendicesFormat. 5 Importance of Format. Order of Pages. 7 Page Header. 8 Font. 9 Special Characters.2 Line Spacing.2 Margins.22 Paragraph Alignment.23 Paragraph Indentation.24 Paper LengthOrganization.25 Principles of Organization.2 Heading Levels.27 Section LabelsSample Student Paper  2. Writing Style and GrammarEffective Scholarly Writing2. Continuity and Flow2.2 Transitions2.3 Noun Strings2.4 Conciseness and Clarity2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy2. Sentence and Paragraph Length2.7 Tone2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms2.9 Jargon2. Logical Comparisons2. AnthropomorphismGrammar and Usage2. 2 Verb Tense2. 3 Active and Passive Voice2. 4 Mood2. 5 Subject and Verb Agreement2. First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns2. 7 Editorial amp ldquo We amp rdquo 2. 8 Singular amp ldquo They amp rdquo 2. 9 Pronouns for People and Animals ( amp ldquo Who amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo That amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects ( amp ldquo Who vs. Whom amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses ( amp ldquo That amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo Which amp rdquo )2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers2.24 Parallel ConstructionStrategies to Improve Your Writing2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example2.2 Writing From an Outline2.27 Rereading the Draft2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students2.29 Working With Writing Centers2.3 Revising a Paper  3. Bias-Free Language GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines for Reducing Bias3. Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity3.2 Be Sensitive to LabelsReducing Bias by Topic3.3 Age3.4 Disability3.5 Gender3. Participation in Research3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity3.8 Sexual Orientation3.9 Socioeconomic Status3. Intersectionality  4. Punctuation, Lists, and ItalicsPunctuation4. Spacing After Punctuation Marks4.2 Period4.3 Comma4.4 Semicolon4.5 Colon4. Dash4.7 Quotation Marks4.8 Parentheses4.9 Square Brackets4. SlashLists4. List Guidelines4. 2 Lettered Lists4. 3 Numbered Lists4. 4 Bulleted ListsItalics4. 5 Use of Italics4. Reverse Italics  5. Spelling, Capitalization, and AbbreviationsSpelling5. Preferred Spelling5.2 HyphenationCapitalization5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names5.5 Job Titles and Positions5. Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters5. Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment5. Names of Factors, Variables, and EffectsAbbreviations5. 2 Use of Abbreviations5. 3 Definition of Abbreviations5. 4 Format of Abbreviations5. 5 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations5. Time Abbreviations5. 7 Latin Abbreviations5. 8 Chemical Compound Abbreviations amp emsp  . Numbers and StatisticsNumbers. Numbers Expressed in Numerals.2 Numbers Expressed in Words.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers.4 Ordinal Numbers.5 Decimal Fractions. Roman Numerals.7 Commas in Numbers.8 Plurals of NumbersStatistics and Equations.9 Presentation of Statistics. Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations. Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics. 2 Presentation of Equations  7. Tables and FiguresGeneral Guidelines for Tables and Figures7. Purpose of Tables and Figures7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text7. Placement of Tables and Figures7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and FiguresTables7.8 Principles of Table Construction7.9 Table Components7. Table Numbers7. Table Titles7. 2 Table Headings7. 3 Table Body7. 4 Table Notes7. 5 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures7. Confidence Intervals in Tables7. 7 Table Borders and Shading7. 8 Long or Wide Tables7. 9 Relation Between Tables7.2 Table Checklist7.2 Sample TablesFigures7.22 Principles of Figure Construction7.23 Figure Components7.24 Figure Numbers7.25 Figure Titles7.2 Figure Images7.27 Figure Legends7.28 Figure Notes7.29 Relation Between Figures7.3 Photographs7.3 Figure Checklist7.32 Sample Figures8. Works Credited in the TextGeneral Guidelines for Citation8. Appropriate Level of Citation8.2 Plagiarism8.3 Self-Plagiarism8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version8. Primary and Secondary SourcesWorks Requiring Special Approaches8.7 Interviews8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources8.9 Personal CommunicationsIn-Text Citations8. Author amp ndash Date Citation System8. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations8. 2 Citing Multiple Works8. 3 Citing Specific Parts of a Source8. 4 Unknown or Anonymous Author8. 5 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates8. Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations8. 7 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations8. 8 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations8. 9 Works With the Same Author and Same Date8.2 Authors With the Same Surname8.2 Abbreviating Group Authors8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and AppsParaphrases and Quotations8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing8.24 Long Paraphrases8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation8.2 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 4 Words)8.27 Block Quotations (4 Words or More)8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers8.29 Accuracy of Quotations8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks8.34 EpigraphsCopyright and Permission 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials8.3 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution8.37 Copyright Status8.38 Permission and Fair Use8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats  9. Reference ListReference Categories9. Determining the Reference Category9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category9.3 Online and Print ReferencesPrinciples of Reference List Entries9.4 Four Elements of a Reference9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries9. Accuracy and Consistency in ReferencesReference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source)9.7 Author Element9.8 Format of the Author Element9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names9. Identification of Specialized Roles9. Group Authors9. 2 No Author9. 3 Date Element9. 4 Format of the Date Element9. 5 Updated or Reviewed Online Works9. Retrieval Dates9. 7 No Date9. 8 Title Element9. 9 Format of the Title Element9.2 Series and Multivolume Works9.2 Bracketed Descriptions9.22 No Title9.23 Source Element9.24 Format of the Source Element9.25 Periodical Sources9.2 Online Periodicals With Missing Information9.27 Article Numbers9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources9.29 Publisher Sources9.3 Database and Archive Sources9.3 Works With Specific Locations9.32 Social Media Sources9.33 Website Sources9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs9.3 DOI or URL Shorteners9.37 No SourceReference Variations9.38 Works in Another Language9.39 Translated Works9.4 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works9.4 Religious and Classical WorksReference List Format and Order9.42 Format of the Reference List9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author9.4 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author9.49 Abbreviations in References  . Reference ExamplesAuthor VariationsDate VariationsTitle VariationsSource VariationsTextual Works                                                                 . Periodicals amp emsp .2 Books and Reference Works amp emsp .3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works amp emsp .4 Reports and Gray Literature amp emsp .5 Dissertations and Theses amp emsp . Reviews amp emsp .7 Informally Published Works amp emsp Software and Tests                                                          .8 Computer Software and Mobile Apps amp emsp .9 Tests, Scales, and Inventories amp emsp Audiovisual Media                                                          . Audiovisual Works amp emsp . Audio Works amp emsp . 2 Visual Works amp emsp Online Media                                                                   . 3 Social Media. 4 Webpages and Websites amp emsp Legal References. 5 Cases or Court Decisions. Statutes (Laws and Acts). 7 Constitutions and Charters. 8 Treaties and International Conventions

Select Guide Rating

• . Student Paper Types, Elements, and FormatGeneral Guidelines for Student Papers. Application of APA Style to Student Papers.2 Student Essays.3 Annotated Bibliographies.4 Dissertations and Theses.5 Student Paper Required ElementsPaper Elements. Title Page.7 Title.8 Author Name (Byline).9 Author Affiliation. Abstract. Text (Body). 2 Reference List. 3 Footnotes. 4 AppendicesFormat. 5 Importance of Format. Order of Pages. 7 Page Header. 8 Font. 9 Special Characters.2 Line Spacing.2 Margins.22 Paragraph Alignment.23 Paragraph Indentation.24 Paper LengthOrganization.25 Principles of Organization.2 Heading Levels.27 Section LabelsSample Student Paper  2. Writing Style and GrammarEffective Scholarly Writing2. Continuity and Flow2.2 Transitions2.3 Noun Strings2.4 Conciseness and Clarity2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy2. Sentence and Paragraph Length2.7 Tone2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms2.9 Jargon2. Logical Comparisons2. AnthropomorphismGrammar and Usage2. 2 Verb Tense2. 3 Active and Passive Voice2. 4 Mood2. 5 Subject and Verb Agreement2. First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns2. 7 Editorial amp ldquo We amp rdquo 2. 8 Singular amp ldquo They amp rdquo 2. 9 Pronouns for People and Animals ( amp ldquo Who amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo That amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects ( amp ldquo Who vs. Whom amp rdquo )2.2 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses ( amp ldquo That amp rdquo vs. amp ldquo Which amp rdquo )2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers2.24 Parallel ConstructionStrategies to Improve Your Writing2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example2.2 Writing From an Outline2.27 Rereading the Draft2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students2.29 Working With Writing Centers2.3 Revising a Paper  3. Bias-Free Language GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines for Reducing Bias3. Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity3.2 Be Sensitive to LabelsReducing Bias by Topic3.3 Age3.4 Disability3.5 Gender3. Participation in Research3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity3.8 Sexual Orientation3.9 Socioeconomic Status3. Intersectionality  4. Punctuation, Lists, and ItalicsPunctuation4. Spacing After Punctuation Marks4.2 Period4.3 Comma4.4 Semicolon4.5 Colon4. Dash4.7 Quotation Marks4.8 Parentheses4.9 Square Brackets4. SlashLists4. List Guidelines4. 2 Lettered Lists4. 3 Numbered Lists4. 4 Bulleted ListsItalics4. 5 Use of Italics4. Reverse Italics  5. Spelling, Capitalization, and AbbreviationsSpelling5. Preferred Spelling5.2 HyphenationCapitalization5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names5.5 Job Titles and Positions5. Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters5. Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment5. Names of Factors, Variables, and EffectsAbbreviations5. 2 Use of Abbreviations5. 3 Definition of Abbreviations5. 4 Format of Abbreviations5. 5 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations5. Time Abbreviations5. 7 Latin Abbreviations5. 8 Chemical Compound Abbreviations amp emsp  . Numbers and StatisticsNumbers. Numbers Expressed in Numerals.2 Numbers Expressed in Words.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers.4 Ordinal Numbers.5 Decimal Fractions. Roman Numerals.7 Commas in Numbers.8 Plurals of NumbersStatistics and Equations.9 Presentation of Statistics. Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations. Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics. 2 Presentation of Equations  7. Tables and FiguresGeneral Guidelines for Tables and Figures7. Purpose of Tables and Figures7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text7. Placement of Tables and Figures7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and FiguresTables7.8 Principles of Table Construction7.9 Table Components7. Table Numbers7. Table Titles7. 2 Table Headings7. 3 Table Body7. 4 Table Notes7. 5 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures7. Confidence Intervals in Tables7. 7 Table Borders and Shading7. 8 Long or Wide Tables7. 9 Relation Between Tables7.2 Table Checklist7.2 Sample TablesFigures7.22 Principles of Figure Construction7.23 Figure Components7.24 Figure Numbers7.25 Figure Titles7.2 Figure Images7.27 Figure Legends7.28 Figure Notes7.29 Relation Between Figures7.3 Photographs7.3 Figure Checklist7.32 Sample Figures8. Works Credited in the TextGeneral Guidelines for Citation8. Appropriate Level of Citation8.2 Plagiarism8.3 Self-Plagiarism8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version8. Primary and Secondary SourcesWorks Requiring Special Approaches8.7 Interviews8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources8.9 Personal CommunicationsIn-Text Citations8. Author amp ndash Date Citation System8. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations8. 2 Citing Multiple Works8. 3 Citing Specific Parts of a Source8. 4 Unknown or Anonymous Author8. 5 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates8. Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations8. 7 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations8. 8 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations8. 9 Works With the Same Author and Same Date8.2 Authors With the Same Surname8.2 Abbreviating Group Authors8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and AppsParaphrases and Quotations8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing8.24 Long Paraphrases8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation8.2 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 4 Words)8.27 Block Quotations (4 Words or More)8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers8.29 Accuracy of Quotations8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation8.3 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks8.34 EpigraphsCopyright and Permission 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials8.3 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution8.37 Copyright Status8.38 Permission and Fair Use8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats  9. Reference ListReference Categories9. Determining the Reference Category9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category9.3 Online and Print ReferencesPrinciples of Reference List Entries9.4 Four Elements of a Reference9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries9. Accuracy and Consistency in ReferencesReference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source)9.7 Author Element9.8 Format of the Author Element9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names9. Identification of Specialized Roles9. Group Authors9. 2 No Author9. 3 Date Element9. 4 Format of the Date Element9. 5 Updated or Reviewed Online Works9. Retrieval Dates9. 7 No Date9. 8 Title Element9. 9 Format of the Title Element9.2 Series and Multivolume Works9.2 Bracketed Descriptions9.22 No Title9.23 Source Element9.24 Format of the Source Element9.25 Periodical Sources9.2 Online Periodicals With Missing Information9.27 Article Numbers9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources9.29 Publisher Sources9.3 Database and Archive Sources9.3 Works With Specific Locations9.32 Social Media Sources9.33 Website Sources9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs9.3 DOI or URL Shorteners9.37 No SourceReference Variations9.38 Works in Another Language9.39 Translated Works9.4 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works9.4 Religious and Classical WorksReference List Format and Order9.42 Format of the Reference List9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author9.4 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author9.49 Abbreviations in References  . Reference ExamplesAuthor VariationsDate VariationsTitle VariationsSource VariationsTextual Works                                                                 . Periodicals amp emsp .2 Books and Reference Works amp emsp .3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works amp emsp .4 Reports and Gray Literature amp emsp .5 Dissertations and Theses amp emsp . Reviews amp emsp .7 Informally Published Works amp emsp Software and Tests                                                          .8 Computer Software and Mobile Apps amp emsp .9 Tests, Scales, and Inventories amp emsp Audiovisual Media                                                          . Audiovisual Works amp emsp . Audio Works amp emsp . 2 Visual Works amp emsp Online Media                                                                   . 3 Social Media. 4 Webpages and Websites amp emsp Legal References. 5 Cases or Court Decisions. Statutes (Laws and Acts). 7 Constitutions and Charters. 8 Treaties and International Conventions