Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Switzerland

• PREFACEPHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENERGY CONVERSION K. KalyanasundaramThe sun as an abundant energy resourcePhotochemical conversion and storage of solar energy (artifi cial photosynthesis)Photographic sensitizationPhotoelectrochemical conversion of solar energyDye sensitization of semiconductorsConclusionsReferencesTITANIA IN DIVERSE FORMS AS SUBSTRATES Ladislav KavanTitania: fundamentalsElectrochemistry of titania: depletion regimeElectrochemistry of titania: accumulation regimeTitania photoanode for dye sensitized solar cellsConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesMOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF SENSITIZERS FOR CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY Jun-ho Yum and Md. K. NazeeruddinIntroductionRuthenium SensitizersOrganic sensitizersReferencesOPTIMIZATION OF REDOX MEDIATORS AND ELECTROLYTES .Ke-jian Jiang and Shozo Yanagida*IntroductionCharge transfer processes in DSCsElectrolyte components and their roles in the DSCsIonic liquid, quasi-solid and solid electrolytesRemarks and prospectsReferencesPHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SnO2 AND OTHER OXIDES Prashant V. KamatDependence of the Sensitization Effi ciency on the Energy DifferenceCoupled Semiconductor SystemsSnO2-C60-Ru(bpy)3 2SystemProbing the Interaction of an Excited State Sensitizer with the Redox CoupleSensitization of Nanotube ArraysCharge Separation of Organic Clusters at an SnO2 Electrode SurfaceConcluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferencesSOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR HOLE-TRANSPORTERS.Henry J. SnaithIntroductionSpiro-OMeTAD-based solid-state dye-sensitized solar cellThe infl uence of additives upon the solar cell performanceCharge generation: Electron TransferReductive quenchingCharge generation: Hole-transferCharge transport in molecular hole-transportersHole mobility in spiro-OMeTADInfluence of charge density on the hole-mobility in molecular semiconductors The influence of chemical p-doping upon conductivity and hole-mobilityThe influence of ionic salts on conductivity and hole-mobilityCurrent collectionTiO2 pore fi lling with molecular hole-transportersCharge recombination: The infl uence of additivesCharge recombination: Ion solvation and immobilizationCharge recombination: Controlling the spatial separation of electrons and holes at the heterojunctionEnhancing light capture in solid-state DSCsAlternative structures for mesoporous and nanostructured electrodes in solid-state DSCsOutlook for hole-transporter based solid-state DSCsReferencesPACKAGING, SCALE-UP AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF DYE SOLAR CELLS Hans Desilvestro, Michael Bertoz*, Sylvia Tulloch and Gavin TullochIntroductionFrom cells to panelsLong-term stability - the key to industrial successScaling up to commercial production levelsCommercial applicationsConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesHOW TO MAKE HIGH-EFFICIENCY DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Seigo ItoIntroductionExperimental considerationsResults and discussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesSCALE-UP AND PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS IN ASIA AND EUROPE K. Kalyanasundaram, Seigo Ito, Shozo Yanagida and Satoshi UchidaIntroductionScaling up of laboratory cells to modules and panelsDSC development studies in various European laboratoriesDSC development studies in various laboratories of JapanDSC Development Work in Korea and TaiwanDSC development work in Australia and ChinaConclusionAcknowledgementReferencesCHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: A TOOLBOX APPROACH Anders Hagfeldt and Laurence PeterIntroductionTheoretical backgroundThe toolboxAcknowledgmentsAppendix 1 Analytical IMPS solutionsAppendix 2 Numerical solutions of the continuity equationReferencesDYNAMICS OF INTERFACIAL AND SURFACE ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES Jacques-E. MoserIntroductionEnergetics of charge transfer reactionsKinetics of interfacial electron transferElectron transfer dynamics involving the redox mediatorReferencesIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Juan Bisquert and Francisco Fabregat-SantiagoIntroductionA basic solar cell modelIntroduction to IS methodsBasic physical model and parameters of IS in solar cellsBasic physical models and parameters of IS in dye-sensitized solar cellsTransmission line modelsApplicationsAcknowledgmentsAppendix: properties of measured DSCsReferencesTHEORETICAL AND MODEL SYSTEM CALCULATIONS Filippo De Angelis and Simona FantacciIntroductionTheoretical and computational methodsDye sensitizersStudies of the TiO2 substrateDye sensitizers on TiO2Conclusions and perspectiveReferencesINDEX.

Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Switzerland

• PREFACEPHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENERGY CONVERSION K. KalyanasundaramThe sun as an abundant energy resourcePhotochemical conversion and storage of solar energy (artifi cial photosynthesis)Photographic sensitizationPhotoelectrochemical conversion of solar energyDye sensitization of semiconductorsConclusionsReferencesTITANIA IN DIVERSE FORMS AS SUBSTRATES Ladislav KavanTitania: fundamentalsElectrochemistry of titania: depletion regimeElectrochemistry of titania: accumulation regimeTitania photoanode for dye sensitized solar cellsConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesMOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF SENSITIZERS FOR CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY Jun-ho Yum and Md. K. NazeeruddinIntroductionRuthenium SensitizersOrganic sensitizersReferencesOPTIMIZATION OF REDOX MEDIATORS AND ELECTROLYTES .Ke-jian Jiang and Shozo Yanagida*IntroductionCharge transfer processes in DSCsElectrolyte components and their roles in the DSCsIonic liquid, quasi-solid and solid electrolytesRemarks and prospectsReferencesPHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SnO2 AND OTHER OXIDES Prashant V. KamatDependence of the Sensitization Effi ciency on the Energy DifferenceCoupled Semiconductor SystemsSnO2-C60-Ru(bpy)3 2SystemProbing the Interaction of an Excited State Sensitizer with the Redox CoupleSensitization of Nanotube ArraysCharge Separation of Organic Clusters at an SnO2 Electrode SurfaceConcluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferencesSOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR HOLE-TRANSPORTERS.Henry J. SnaithIntroductionSpiro-OMeTAD-based solid-state dye-sensitized solar cellThe infl uence of additives upon the solar cell performanceCharge generation: Electron TransferReductive quenchingCharge generation: Hole-transferCharge transport in molecular hole-transportersHole mobility in spiro-OMeTADInfluence of charge density on the hole-mobility in molecular semiconductors The influence of chemical p-doping upon conductivity and hole-mobilityThe influence of ionic salts on conductivity and hole-mobilityCurrent collectionTiO2 pore fi lling with molecular hole-transportersCharge recombination: The infl uence of additivesCharge recombination: Ion solvation and immobilizationCharge recombination: Controlling the spatial separation of electrons and holes at the heterojunctionEnhancing light capture in solid-state DSCsAlternative structures for mesoporous and nanostructured electrodes in solid-state DSCsOutlook for hole-transporter based solid-state DSCsReferencesPACKAGING, SCALE-UP AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF DYE SOLAR CELLS Hans Desilvestro, Michael Bertoz*, Sylvia Tulloch and Gavin TullochIntroductionFrom cells to panelsLong-term stability - the key to industrial successScaling up to commercial production levelsCommercial applicationsConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesHOW TO MAKE HIGH-EFFICIENCY DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Seigo ItoIntroductionExperimental considerationsResults and discussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesSCALE-UP AND PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS IN ASIA AND EUROPE K. Kalyanasundaram, Seigo Ito, Shozo Yanagida and Satoshi UchidaIntroductionScaling up of laboratory cells to modules and panelsDSC development studies in various European laboratoriesDSC development studies in various laboratories of JapanDSC Development Work in Korea and TaiwanDSC development work in Australia and ChinaConclusionAcknowledgementReferencesCHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: A TOOLBOX APPROACH Anders Hagfeldt and Laurence PeterIntroductionTheoretical backgroundThe toolboxAcknowledgmentsAppendix 1 Analytical IMPS solutionsAppendix 2 Numerical solutions of the continuity equationReferencesDYNAMICS OF INTERFACIAL AND SURFACE ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES Jacques-E. MoserIntroductionEnergetics of charge transfer reactionsKinetics of interfacial electron transferElectron transfer dynamics involving the redox mediatorReferencesIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Juan Bisquert and Francisco Fabregat-SantiagoIntroductionA basic solar cell modelIntroduction to IS methodsBasic physical model and parameters of IS in solar cellsBasic physical models and parameters of IS in dye-sensitized solar cellsTransmission line modelsApplicationsAcknowledgmentsAppendix: properties of measured DSCsReferencesTHEORETICAL AND MODEL SYSTEM CALCULATIONS Filippo De Angelis and Simona FantacciIntroductionTheoretical and computational methodsDye sensitizersStudies of the TiO2 substrateDye sensitizers on TiO2Conclusions and perspectiveReferencesINDEX.

Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Switzerland

• PREFACEPHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENERGY CONVERSION K. KalyanasundaramThe sun as an abundant energy resourcePhotochemical conversion and storage of solar energy (artifi cial photosynthesis)Photographic sensitizationPhotoelectrochemical conversion of solar energyDye sensitization of semiconductorsConclusionsReferencesTITANIA IN DIVERSE FORMS AS SUBSTRATES Ladislav KavanTitania: fundamentalsElectrochemistry of titania: depletion regimeElectrochemistry of titania: accumulation regimeTitania photoanode for dye sensitized solar cellsConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesMOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF SENSITIZERS FOR CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY Jun-ho Yum and Md. K. NazeeruddinIntroductionRuthenium SensitizersOrganic sensitizersReferencesOPTIMIZATION OF REDOX MEDIATORS AND ELECTROLYTES .Ke-jian Jiang and Shozo Yanagida*IntroductionCharge transfer processes in DSCsElectrolyte components and their roles in the DSCsIonic liquid, quasi-solid and solid electrolytesRemarks and prospectsReferencesPHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SnO2 AND OTHER OXIDES Prashant V. KamatDependence of the Sensitization Effi ciency on the Energy DifferenceCoupled Semiconductor SystemsSnO2-C60-Ru(bpy)3 2SystemProbing the Interaction of an Excited State Sensitizer with the Redox CoupleSensitization of Nanotube ArraysCharge Separation of Organic Clusters at an SnO2 Electrode SurfaceConcluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferencesSOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR HOLE-TRANSPORTERS.Henry J. SnaithIntroductionSpiro-OMeTAD-based solid-state dye-sensitized solar cellThe infl uence of additives upon the solar cell performanceCharge generation: Electron TransferReductive quenchingCharge generation: Hole-transferCharge transport in molecular hole-transportersHole mobility in spiro-OMeTADInfluence of charge density on the hole-mobility in molecular semiconductors The influence of chemical p-doping upon conductivity and hole-mobilityThe influence of ionic salts on conductivity and hole-mobilityCurrent collectionTiO2 pore fi lling with molecular hole-transportersCharge recombination: The infl uence of additivesCharge recombination: Ion solvation and immobilizationCharge recombination: Controlling the spatial separation of electrons and holes at the heterojunctionEnhancing light capture in solid-state DSCsAlternative structures for mesoporous and nanostructured electrodes in solid-state DSCsOutlook for hole-transporter based solid-state DSCsReferencesPACKAGING, SCALE-UP AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF DYE SOLAR CELLS Hans Desilvestro, Michael Bertoz*, Sylvia Tulloch and Gavin TullochIntroductionFrom cells to panelsLong-term stability - the key to industrial successScaling up to commercial production levelsCommercial applicationsConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesHOW TO MAKE HIGH-EFFICIENCY DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Seigo ItoIntroductionExperimental considerationsResults and discussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesSCALE-UP AND PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS IN ASIA AND EUROPE K. Kalyanasundaram, Seigo Ito, Shozo Yanagida and Satoshi UchidaIntroductionScaling up of laboratory cells to modules and panelsDSC development studies in various European laboratoriesDSC development studies in various laboratories of JapanDSC Development Work in Korea and TaiwanDSC development work in Australia and ChinaConclusionAcknowledgementReferencesCHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: A TOOLBOX APPROACH Anders Hagfeldt and Laurence PeterIntroductionTheoretical backgroundThe toolboxAcknowledgmentsAppendix 1 Analytical IMPS solutionsAppendix 2 Numerical solutions of the continuity equationReferencesDYNAMICS OF INTERFACIAL AND SURFACE ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES Jacques-E. MoserIntroductionEnergetics of charge transfer reactionsKinetics of interfacial electron transferElectron transfer dynamics involving the redox mediatorReferencesIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Juan Bisquert and Francisco Fabregat-SantiagoIntroductionA basic solar cell modelIntroduction to IS methodsBasic physical model and parameters of IS in solar cellsBasic physical models and parameters of IS in dye-sensitized solar cellsTransmission line modelsApplicationsAcknowledgmentsAppendix: properties of measured DSCsReferencesTHEORETICAL AND MODEL SYSTEM CALCULATIONS Filippo De Angelis and Simona FantacciIntroductionTheoretical and computational methodsDye sensitizersStudies of the TiO2 substrateDye sensitizers on TiO2Conclusions and perspectiveReferencesINDEX.