Elaine O’Brien is a Professor of Modern & Contemporary Art at California State University, Sacramento. Everlyn Nicodemus is an artist and writer living and working in Edinburgh, UK, and holds a Ph.D. from Middlesex University, London.Melissa Chiu is Museum Director and Vice President, Global Art Programs, Asia Society in New York.Benjamin Genocchio is editor in chief of Art & Auction Magazine, New York.  He holds a Ph.D. in art history and is the author and editor of six books.Mary K. Coffey is Associate Professor of Art History at Dartmouth College.Roberto Tejada is Distinguished Chair and Professor of Art History, Southern Methodist University.

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• List of Figures viii Acknowledgments xiGeneral Introduction: The Location of Modern Art 1Elaine O’BrienPart I African Modern Art 15Introduction: African Modern Art: An Ongoing Project 17Everlyn Nicodemus1 Modern African Art 26Chika Okeke2 From Country to City: The Development of an Urban Art 39Steven Sack3 Nomfanekiso Who Paints at Night: The Art of Gladys Mgudlandlu 45Elza Miles4 Negritude, Pan-Africanism, and Postcolonial African Identity: African Portrait Photography 49Okwui Enwezor and Octavio Zaya5 A Critical Presence: Drum Magazine in Context 58Okwui Enwezor6 Art of the African Diaspora 63Michael D. Harris 7 Chorale: Man, Society, and Technology: An Experiment in Rural Egypt 73Hassan Fathy8 Oral Tradition and the Aesthetics of Black African Cinema 79Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike9 On National Culture 87Frantz Fanon10 Discourse on Colonialism 89Aimé Césaire11 Natural Synthesis 91Uche Okeke12 A Historic Confrontation between Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembène in 1965: “You Look at Us as if We Were Insects” 94Jean Rouch and Ousmane SembènePart II Asian Modern Art: India, Japan, China 99Introduction: Asian Modern Art: A Case of Alternative, Parallel, and Intersecting Modernisms 101Melissa Chiu and Benjamin Genocchio13 Multiculturalism/Multimodernism 106Jim Supangkat14 Negotiating Modernities: Encounters with Cubism in Asian Art 120Ahmad MashadiSection 1 India 12915 When Was Modernism in Indian Art? 129Geeta Kapur16 The Formalist Prelude 138Partha Mitter17 E. B. Havell and Rabindranath Tagore: Nationalism, Modernity and Art 150Osman Jamal18 Art and Tradition 160Rabindranath Tagore Section 2 Japan 16519 Western Style Painting in Japan: Mimesis, Individualism, and Japanese Nationhood 165Gennifer Weisenfeld20 Artistic Subjectivity in the Taishô and Early Shôwa Avant-Garde 181John Clark21 The Age of Modernism: From Visualization to Socialization 193Joe Takeba22 The Architectural Profession in Japan, 1850–1930 209Jonathan M. Reynolds23 Dangen wa Dadaisuto 228Takahashi ShinkichiSection 3 China 23124 Sketch Conceptualism as Modernist Contingency 231Eugene Y. Wang25 Post-Impressionists in Pre-War Shanghai: The Juelanshe (Storm Society) and the Fate of Modernism in Republican China 254Ralph Croizier26 Films and Shanghai 272Zheng Dongtian27 The Storm Society Manifesto (October 1932) 279Ni Yide, Pang Xunqin , et al.Part III Latin American Modern Art 281Introduction: Modernism in Latin America: Strategic Vanguards 283Mary K. Coffey and Roberto Tejada28 Our America and the West 292Roberto Fernández Retamar29 Strategies of Modernity in Latin America 302Andrea Giunta30 Revolution as Ritual: Diego Rivera’s National Palace Mural 315Leonard Folgarait31 Africa in the Art of Latin America 330Gerardo Mosquera32 Vital Structures: The Constructive Nexus in South America 339Mari Carmen Ramírez33 Landscape: Errant Modernist Aesthetics in Brazil 353Esther Gabara34 The Spirit of Brasília: Modernity as Experiment and Risk 362James Holston35 Carmen Miranda, Grande Otelo, and the Chanchada , 1929–1949 375Robert Stam36 To Roosevelt 387Rubén Darío37 Essays on Latin American Art 391Joaquín Torres-García38 The Cosmic Race 402José Vasconcelos39 Cannibalist Manifesto 413Oswald de Andrade40 Brasília 424Clarice LispectorCredits and Sources 429Index 434

Elaine O’Brien is a Professor of Modern & Contemporary Art at California State University, Sacramento. Everlyn Nicodemus is an artist and writer living and working in Edinburgh, UK, and holds a Ph.D. from Middlesex University, London.Melissa Chiu is Museum Director and Vice President, Global Art Programs, Asia Society in New York.Benjamin Genocchio is editor in chief of Art & Auction Magazine, New York.  He holds a Ph.D. in art history and is the author and editor of six books.Mary K. Coffey is Associate Professor of Art History at Dartmouth College.Roberto Tejada is Distinguished Chair and Professor of Art History, Southern Methodist University.

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• List of Figures viii Acknowledgments xiGeneral Introduction: The Location of Modern Art 1Elaine O’BrienPart I African Modern Art 15Introduction: African Modern Art: An Ongoing Project 17Everlyn Nicodemus1 Modern African Art 26Chika Okeke2 From Country to City: The Development of an Urban Art 39Steven Sack3 Nomfanekiso Who Paints at Night: The Art of Gladys Mgudlandlu 45Elza Miles4 Negritude, Pan-Africanism, and Postcolonial African Identity: African Portrait Photography 49Okwui Enwezor and Octavio Zaya5 A Critical Presence: Drum Magazine in Context 58Okwui Enwezor6 Art of the African Diaspora 63Michael D. Harris 7 Chorale: Man, Society, and Technology: An Experiment in Rural Egypt 73Hassan Fathy8 Oral Tradition and the Aesthetics of Black African Cinema 79Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike9 On National Culture 87Frantz Fanon10 Discourse on Colonialism 89Aimé Césaire11 Natural Synthesis 91Uche Okeke12 A Historic Confrontation between Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembène in 1965: “You Look at Us as if We Were Insects” 94Jean Rouch and Ousmane SembènePart II Asian Modern Art: India, Japan, China 99Introduction: Asian Modern Art: A Case of Alternative, Parallel, and Intersecting Modernisms 101Melissa Chiu and Benjamin Genocchio13 Multiculturalism/Multimodernism 106Jim Supangkat14 Negotiating Modernities: Encounters with Cubism in Asian Art 120Ahmad MashadiSection 1 India 12915 When Was Modernism in Indian Art? 129Geeta Kapur16 The Formalist Prelude 138Partha Mitter17 E. B. Havell and Rabindranath Tagore: Nationalism, Modernity and Art 150Osman Jamal18 Art and Tradition 160Rabindranath Tagore Section 2 Japan 16519 Western Style Painting in Japan: Mimesis, Individualism, and Japanese Nationhood 165Gennifer Weisenfeld20 Artistic Subjectivity in the Taishô and Early Shôwa Avant-Garde 181John Clark21 The Age of Modernism: From Visualization to Socialization 193Joe Takeba22 The Architectural Profession in Japan, 1850–1930 209Jonathan M. Reynolds23 Dangen wa Dadaisuto 228Takahashi ShinkichiSection 3 China 23124 Sketch Conceptualism as Modernist Contingency 231Eugene Y. Wang25 Post-Impressionists in Pre-War Shanghai: The Juelanshe (Storm Society) and the Fate of Modernism in Republican China 254Ralph Croizier26 Films and Shanghai 272Zheng Dongtian27 The Storm Society Manifesto (October 1932) 279Ni Yide, Pang Xunqin , et al.Part III Latin American Modern Art 281Introduction: Modernism in Latin America: Strategic Vanguards 283Mary K. Coffey and Roberto Tejada28 Our America and the West 292Roberto Fernández Retamar29 Strategies of Modernity in Latin America 302Andrea Giunta30 Revolution as Ritual: Diego Rivera’s National Palace Mural 315Leonard Folgarait31 Africa in the Art of Latin America 330Gerardo Mosquera32 Vital Structures: The Constructive Nexus in South America 339Mari Carmen Ramírez33 Landscape: Errant Modernist Aesthetics in Brazil 353Esther Gabara34 The Spirit of Brasília: Modernity as Experiment and Risk 362James Holston35 Carmen Miranda, Grande Otelo, and the Chanchada , 1929–1949 375Robert Stam36 To Roosevelt 387Rubén Darío37 Essays on Latin American Art 391Joaquín Torres-García38 The Cosmic Race 402José Vasconcelos39 Cannibalist Manifesto 413Oswald de Andrade40 Brasília 424Clarice LispectorCredits and Sources 429Index 434

Elaine O’Brien is a Professor of Modern & Contemporary Art at California State University, Sacramento. Everlyn Nicodemus is an artist and writer living and working in Edinburgh, UK, and holds a Ph.D. from Middlesex University, London.Melissa Chiu is Museum Director and Vice President, Global Art Programs, Asia Society in New York.Benjamin Genocchio is editor in chief of Art & Auction Magazine, New York.  He holds a Ph.D. in art history and is the author and editor of six books.Mary K. Coffey is Associate Professor of Art History at Dartmouth College.Roberto Tejada is Distinguished Chair and Professor of Art History, Southern Methodist University.

Select Guide Rating

• List of Figures viii Acknowledgments xiGeneral Introduction: The Location of Modern Art 1Elaine O’BrienPart I African Modern Art 15Introduction: African Modern Art: An Ongoing Project 17Everlyn Nicodemus1 Modern African Art 26Chika Okeke2 From Country to City: The Development of an Urban Art 39Steven Sack3 Nomfanekiso Who Paints at Night: The Art of Gladys Mgudlandlu 45Elza Miles4 Negritude, Pan-Africanism, and Postcolonial African Identity: African Portrait Photography 49Okwui Enwezor and Octavio Zaya5 A Critical Presence: Drum Magazine in Context 58Okwui Enwezor6 Art of the African Diaspora 63Michael D. Harris 7 Chorale: Man, Society, and Technology: An Experiment in Rural Egypt 73Hassan Fathy8 Oral Tradition and the Aesthetics of Black African Cinema 79Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike9 On National Culture 87Frantz Fanon10 Discourse on Colonialism 89Aimé Césaire11 Natural Synthesis 91Uche Okeke12 A Historic Confrontation between Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembène in 1965: “You Look at Us as if We Were Insects” 94Jean Rouch and Ousmane SembènePart II Asian Modern Art: India, Japan, China 99Introduction: Asian Modern Art: A Case of Alternative, Parallel, and Intersecting Modernisms 101Melissa Chiu and Benjamin Genocchio13 Multiculturalism/Multimodernism 106Jim Supangkat14 Negotiating Modernities: Encounters with Cubism in Asian Art 120Ahmad MashadiSection 1 India 12915 When Was Modernism in Indian Art? 129Geeta Kapur16 The Formalist Prelude 138Partha Mitter17 E. B. Havell and Rabindranath Tagore: Nationalism, Modernity and Art 150Osman Jamal18 Art and Tradition 160Rabindranath Tagore Section 2 Japan 16519 Western Style Painting in Japan: Mimesis, Individualism, and Japanese Nationhood 165Gennifer Weisenfeld20 Artistic Subjectivity in the Taishô and Early Shôwa Avant-Garde 181John Clark21 The Age of Modernism: From Visualization to Socialization 193Joe Takeba22 The Architectural Profession in Japan, 1850–1930 209Jonathan M. Reynolds23 Dangen wa Dadaisuto 228Takahashi ShinkichiSection 3 China 23124 Sketch Conceptualism as Modernist Contingency 231Eugene Y. Wang25 Post-Impressionists in Pre-War Shanghai: The Juelanshe (Storm Society) and the Fate of Modernism in Republican China 254Ralph Croizier26 Films and Shanghai 272Zheng Dongtian27 The Storm Society Manifesto (October 1932) 279Ni Yide, Pang Xunqin , et al.Part III Latin American Modern Art 281Introduction: Modernism in Latin America: Strategic Vanguards 283Mary K. Coffey and Roberto Tejada28 Our America and the West 292Roberto Fernández Retamar29 Strategies of Modernity in Latin America 302Andrea Giunta30 Revolution as Ritual: Diego Rivera’s National Palace Mural 315Leonard Folgarait31 Africa in the Art of Latin America 330Gerardo Mosquera32 Vital Structures: The Constructive Nexus in South America 339Mari Carmen Ramírez33 Landscape: Errant Modernist Aesthetics in Brazil 353Esther Gabara34 The Spirit of Brasília: Modernity as Experiment and Risk 362James Holston35 Carmen Miranda, Grande Otelo, and the Chanchada , 1929–1949 375Robert Stam36 To Roosevelt 387Rubén Darío37 Essays on Latin American Art 391Joaquín Torres-García38 The Cosmic Race 402José Vasconcelos39 Cannibalist Manifesto 413Oswald de Andrade40 Brasília 424Clarice LispectorCredits and Sources 429Index 434