Miles Glendinning is Professor of Architectural Conservation at the Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh, UK.

It is the great achievement of this project that it takes a truly global perspective while also stressing the distinctive differences that separate one nation from another… No serious student of modern architecture can afford to be without Glendinning’s Mass Housing. It will become the standard work on the subject.

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgements INTRODUCTION Cuius regio, eius religio – the multiple modernities of housingMass housing – spearhead of radical modernisationMethodological challenges and constraints: balancing narrative and geographyPART A: MID 19th-CENTURY TO 1945 - The gathering storm1. Pre-1914: The Long Mobilisation Mid 19th-century innovators and experimentsLate 19th- early 20th century ideologies: public housing and arm’s length buildingThe dual market: working-class tenements and middle-class apartments in North AmericaHousing and colonialism: building for rulers or the ruled?The upsurge in emergencies: 1905-19142. 1914-1945 The maturing of mass housing in the age of emergencies Systematisation and individualism: the emergence of modern mass housingWorld War I: war socialism and rent controlThe Hare and the Tortoise: municipal housing in ‘Red Vienna’ and BritainContinental permutations in the 1920sTotalitarian housing visions in the Great DepressionDemocratic housing systems of the 1930sInterwar Latin America and the coloniesWorld War II – The globalisation of emergencyPART B: 1945-1989 - The ‘Three Worlds’ of postwar mass housing3. Postwar mass housing: an introductory overview First World, Second World, Third WorldInternational modernism: from global to local4. Housing by Authority – post-war state interventions in the ‘Anglosphere’ Red scares, race scares – the brief heyday and long retreat of US public housingNew York City – the monumental exceptionLocal trajectories of renewal and decline Canada: government intervention and the revival of renting‘Big Daddy’ and mass housing in Metro TorontoNew Zealand and AustraliaCommonwealth and state: the CSHAHigh flats and slum reclamation in Victoria and New South Wales5. Council Powers: postwar public housing in Britain and Ireland Central and municipal Postwar housing design in EnglandSlum clearance, planning and the ‘land-trap’ Financing and organising high flats in the ‘sixties London and the English citiesScotland: the legacy of ‘Red Clydeside’ Island diversity: Ireland and the Channel Islands6. France: the Trente Glorieuses of mass housing 1945-55 – A hesitant revivalSCIC, SCET and the état planificateur‘Le hard french’: the housing legacy of Perret1955-75: ‘grands ensembles’ and the industrialisation of national grandeur7. The Low Countries – pillars of modern mass housing Socialist skyscrapers versus Catholic cottages: postwar housing in BelgiumThe Netherlands: planned housing and ‘polder politics’Standardisation and galerijbouw: postwar Dutch housing design8.Stability and Continuity: West Germany and the alpine countries Tenure-neutral building in Switzerland and AustriaWest Germany: the housing of soziale Marktwirtschaft ‘Wohnungen, Wohnungen und nochmals Wohnungen’ - Neue Heimat and 1950s-70s production 9. The Nordic countries – social versus individual? Building the ‘Folkhem’ – housing and Social Democracy in SwedenDenmark: modernisation through quiet qualityFinland, Norway and Iceland – mass housing for the individual10. Southern Europe – social housing for kinship societies The progressive South: postwar housing in Italy and MaltaINA-Casa: the Christian Democratic housing visionLeft Turn? 1960s-70s ‘comprehensive’ planning in ItalyThe conservative South: postwar housing in Spain, Portugal, Greece and TurkeyConclusion: First World housing in summary11. The USSR: Developed Socialism and Extensive Urbanism ‘Quickly, Cheaply and Well’ – Soviet housing under Khrushchev and BrezhnevThe curate’s egg – national and local housing production in the postwar Soviet UnionOrder out of chaos? central and private-sector initiativesMonumentality and space in postwar Soviet housingSNiP and DSK – standardisation and industrialisation Taming the colossus: towards ‘complexity’ and ‘flexibility’ A brotherly mosaic – regionalist housing in the USSRTashkent – model Soviet citySoviet housing in the perestroika years12. A quarrelsome family: the European socialist states The satellite bloc: from dissidence to decompositionThe diversity of socialist standardisationSocialist outliers: European divergences from the Soviet modelThe ‘Ongoing Revolution’ – self-management and monumentality in YugoslaviaNovi Beograd – epicentre of decentralismLate socialist cluster-developments across the Yugoslav republics13. Socialist Eastern Asia: mass housing and the Sino-Soviet split Danwei: fragmentation and austerity in Chinese socialist housing From the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution: austerity and anarchy‘Soviet’ Asia: Mongolia and North Vietnam Building at ‘Pyongyang speed’: housing in Juche KoreaConclusion: Second World housing in summary14. Latin America – chameleon continent Mass housing and the politics of charismatic leadership, 1945-1964Housing as social security: pre-1964 Brazil1960s Cold-War housing politics in Latin AmericaOrder and Progress? Post-1964 housing in Brazil, Argentina and Chile15. Echoes of empire – postwar housing in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa The Middle East: decolonisation and developmentIsrael: creating a ‘new geography’ through public housingIndia and South Asia: building on colonial bureaucracyCapital colonies: post-independence DelhiBombay/Mumbai and MHADA: pressure-cooker buildingSub-Saharan Africa: colonialism’s last stand‘Progressive’ housing decolonisation in francophone AfricaDivide and rule? Segregation and mass housing in ‘British’ AfricaSouth Africa: segregated housing in a siege society 6. From Third World to First World: mass housing in capitalist Eastern Asia Towards the developmental state – postwar housing in Japan Housing the ’Asian Tigers’‘Housing Gangnam-style’: South Korea’s tanji revolutionHong Kong and Singapore – a study in sibling rivalryShek Kip Mei and Bukit Ho Swee: from resettlement to home-ownershipRace to the Top: HDB and HKHA architectureFirst cousin: Macau PART C: 1989 TO THE PRESENT - Retrenchment and renewal17. Resilience and renewal: mass housing into the 21st century IntroductionThe aftermath: mass housing at bay in the former First and Second WorldsResidual mass housing in the Global South18. Race to the top: the new Asian developmentalism TOKi and AKP TurkeyDevelopmental Eastern Asia into the 21st centuryBuilding for the ‘Mass Line’: social housing in 21st-century China19. Conclusion: global and national, idealism and realpolitikIndex

Miles Glendinning is Professor of Architectural Conservation at the Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh, UK.

It is the great achievement of this project that it takes a truly global perspective while also stressing the distinctive differences that separate one nation from another… No serious student of modern architecture can afford to be without Glendinning’s Mass Housing. It will become the standard work on the subject.

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgements INTRODUCTION Cuius regio, eius religio – the multiple modernities of housingMass housing – spearhead of radical modernisationMethodological challenges and constraints: balancing narrative and geographyPART A: MID 19th-CENTURY TO 1945 - The gathering storm1. Pre-1914: The Long Mobilisation Mid 19th-century innovators and experimentsLate 19th- early 20th century ideologies: public housing and arm’s length buildingThe dual market: working-class tenements and middle-class apartments in North AmericaHousing and colonialism: building for rulers or the ruled?The upsurge in emergencies: 1905-19142. 1914-1945 The maturing of mass housing in the age of emergencies Systematisation and individualism: the emergence of modern mass housingWorld War I: war socialism and rent controlThe Hare and the Tortoise: municipal housing in ‘Red Vienna’ and BritainContinental permutations in the 1920sTotalitarian housing visions in the Great DepressionDemocratic housing systems of the 1930sInterwar Latin America and the coloniesWorld War II – The globalisation of emergencyPART B: 1945-1989 - The ‘Three Worlds’ of postwar mass housing3. Postwar mass housing: an introductory overview First World, Second World, Third WorldInternational modernism: from global to local4. Housing by Authority – post-war state interventions in the ‘Anglosphere’ Red scares, race scares – the brief heyday and long retreat of US public housingNew York City – the monumental exceptionLocal trajectories of renewal and decline Canada: government intervention and the revival of renting‘Big Daddy’ and mass housing in Metro TorontoNew Zealand and AustraliaCommonwealth and state: the CSHAHigh flats and slum reclamation in Victoria and New South Wales5. Council Powers: postwar public housing in Britain and Ireland Central and municipal Postwar housing design in EnglandSlum clearance, planning and the ‘land-trap’ Financing and organising high flats in the ‘sixties London and the English citiesScotland: the legacy of ‘Red Clydeside’ Island diversity: Ireland and the Channel Islands6. France: the Trente Glorieuses of mass housing 1945-55 – A hesitant revivalSCIC, SCET and the état planificateur‘Le hard french’: the housing legacy of Perret1955-75: ‘grands ensembles’ and the industrialisation of national grandeur7. The Low Countries – pillars of modern mass housing Socialist skyscrapers versus Catholic cottages: postwar housing in BelgiumThe Netherlands: planned housing and ‘polder politics’Standardisation and galerijbouw: postwar Dutch housing design8.Stability and Continuity: West Germany and the alpine countries Tenure-neutral building in Switzerland and AustriaWest Germany: the housing of soziale Marktwirtschaft ‘Wohnungen, Wohnungen und nochmals Wohnungen’ - Neue Heimat and 1950s-70s production 9. The Nordic countries – social versus individual? Building the ‘Folkhem’ – housing and Social Democracy in SwedenDenmark: modernisation through quiet qualityFinland, Norway and Iceland – mass housing for the individual10. Southern Europe – social housing for kinship societies The progressive South: postwar housing in Italy and MaltaINA-Casa: the Christian Democratic housing visionLeft Turn? 1960s-70s ‘comprehensive’ planning in ItalyThe conservative South: postwar housing in Spain, Portugal, Greece and TurkeyConclusion: First World housing in summary11. The USSR: Developed Socialism and Extensive Urbanism ‘Quickly, Cheaply and Well’ – Soviet housing under Khrushchev and BrezhnevThe curate’s egg – national and local housing production in the postwar Soviet UnionOrder out of chaos? central and private-sector initiativesMonumentality and space in postwar Soviet housingSNiP and DSK – standardisation and industrialisation Taming the colossus: towards ‘complexity’ and ‘flexibility’ A brotherly mosaic – regionalist housing in the USSRTashkent – model Soviet citySoviet housing in the perestroika years12. A quarrelsome family: the European socialist states The satellite bloc: from dissidence to decompositionThe diversity of socialist standardisationSocialist outliers: European divergences from the Soviet modelThe ‘Ongoing Revolution’ – self-management and monumentality in YugoslaviaNovi Beograd – epicentre of decentralismLate socialist cluster-developments across the Yugoslav republics13. Socialist Eastern Asia: mass housing and the Sino-Soviet split Danwei: fragmentation and austerity in Chinese socialist housing From the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution: austerity and anarchy‘Soviet’ Asia: Mongolia and North Vietnam Building at ‘Pyongyang speed’: housing in Juche KoreaConclusion: Second World housing in summary14. Latin America – chameleon continent Mass housing and the politics of charismatic leadership, 1945-1964Housing as social security: pre-1964 Brazil1960s Cold-War housing politics in Latin AmericaOrder and Progress? Post-1964 housing in Brazil, Argentina and Chile15. Echoes of empire – postwar housing in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa The Middle East: decolonisation and developmentIsrael: creating a ‘new geography’ through public housingIndia and South Asia: building on colonial bureaucracyCapital colonies: post-independence DelhiBombay/Mumbai and MHADA: pressure-cooker buildingSub-Saharan Africa: colonialism’s last stand‘Progressive’ housing decolonisation in francophone AfricaDivide and rule? Segregation and mass housing in ‘British’ AfricaSouth Africa: segregated housing in a siege society 6. From Third World to First World: mass housing in capitalist Eastern Asia Towards the developmental state – postwar housing in Japan Housing the ’Asian Tigers’‘Housing Gangnam-style’: South Korea’s tanji revolutionHong Kong and Singapore – a study in sibling rivalryShek Kip Mei and Bukit Ho Swee: from resettlement to home-ownershipRace to the Top: HDB and HKHA architectureFirst cousin: Macau PART C: 1989 TO THE PRESENT - Retrenchment and renewal17. Resilience and renewal: mass housing into the 21st century IntroductionThe aftermath: mass housing at bay in the former First and Second WorldsResidual mass housing in the Global South18. Race to the top: the new Asian developmentalism TOKi and AKP TurkeyDevelopmental Eastern Asia into the 21st centuryBuilding for the ‘Mass Line’: social housing in 21st-century China19. Conclusion: global and national, idealism and realpolitikIndex

Miles Glendinning is Professor of Architectural Conservation at the Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh, UK.

It is the great achievement of this project that it takes a truly global perspective while also stressing the distinctive differences that separate one nation from another… No serious student of modern architecture can afford to be without Glendinning’s Mass Housing. It will become the standard work on the subject.

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgements INTRODUCTION Cuius regio, eius religio – the multiple modernities of housingMass housing – spearhead of radical modernisationMethodological challenges and constraints: balancing narrative and geographyPART A: MID 19th-CENTURY TO 1945 - The gathering storm1. Pre-1914: The Long Mobilisation Mid 19th-century innovators and experimentsLate 19th- early 20th century ideologies: public housing and arm’s length buildingThe dual market: working-class tenements and middle-class apartments in North AmericaHousing and colonialism: building for rulers or the ruled?The upsurge in emergencies: 1905-19142. 1914-1945 The maturing of mass housing in the age of emergencies Systematisation and individualism: the emergence of modern mass housingWorld War I: war socialism and rent controlThe Hare and the Tortoise: municipal housing in ‘Red Vienna’ and BritainContinental permutations in the 1920sTotalitarian housing visions in the Great DepressionDemocratic housing systems of the 1930sInterwar Latin America and the coloniesWorld War II – The globalisation of emergencyPART B: 1945-1989 - The ‘Three Worlds’ of postwar mass housing3. Postwar mass housing: an introductory overview First World, Second World, Third WorldInternational modernism: from global to local4. Housing by Authority – post-war state interventions in the ‘Anglosphere’ Red scares, race scares – the brief heyday and long retreat of US public housingNew York City – the monumental exceptionLocal trajectories of renewal and decline Canada: government intervention and the revival of renting‘Big Daddy’ and mass housing in Metro TorontoNew Zealand and AustraliaCommonwealth and state: the CSHAHigh flats and slum reclamation in Victoria and New South Wales5. Council Powers: postwar public housing in Britain and Ireland Central and municipal Postwar housing design in EnglandSlum clearance, planning and the ‘land-trap’ Financing and organising high flats in the ‘sixties London and the English citiesScotland: the legacy of ‘Red Clydeside’ Island diversity: Ireland and the Channel Islands6. France: the Trente Glorieuses of mass housing 1945-55 – A hesitant revivalSCIC, SCET and the état planificateur‘Le hard french’: the housing legacy of Perret1955-75: ‘grands ensembles’ and the industrialisation of national grandeur7. The Low Countries – pillars of modern mass housing Socialist skyscrapers versus Catholic cottages: postwar housing in BelgiumThe Netherlands: planned housing and ‘polder politics’Standardisation and galerijbouw: postwar Dutch housing design8.Stability and Continuity: West Germany and the alpine countries Tenure-neutral building in Switzerland and AustriaWest Germany: the housing of soziale Marktwirtschaft ‘Wohnungen, Wohnungen und nochmals Wohnungen’ - Neue Heimat and 1950s-70s production 9. The Nordic countries – social versus individual? Building the ‘Folkhem’ – housing and Social Democracy in SwedenDenmark: modernisation through quiet qualityFinland, Norway and Iceland – mass housing for the individual10. Southern Europe – social housing for kinship societies The progressive South: postwar housing in Italy and MaltaINA-Casa: the Christian Democratic housing visionLeft Turn? 1960s-70s ‘comprehensive’ planning in ItalyThe conservative South: postwar housing in Spain, Portugal, Greece and TurkeyConclusion: First World housing in summary11. The USSR: Developed Socialism and Extensive Urbanism ‘Quickly, Cheaply and Well’ – Soviet housing under Khrushchev and BrezhnevThe curate’s egg – national and local housing production in the postwar Soviet UnionOrder out of chaos? central and private-sector initiativesMonumentality and space in postwar Soviet housingSNiP and DSK – standardisation and industrialisation Taming the colossus: towards ‘complexity’ and ‘flexibility’ A brotherly mosaic – regionalist housing in the USSRTashkent – model Soviet citySoviet housing in the perestroika years12. A quarrelsome family: the European socialist states The satellite bloc: from dissidence to decompositionThe diversity of socialist standardisationSocialist outliers: European divergences from the Soviet modelThe ‘Ongoing Revolution’ – self-management and monumentality in YugoslaviaNovi Beograd – epicentre of decentralismLate socialist cluster-developments across the Yugoslav republics13. Socialist Eastern Asia: mass housing and the Sino-Soviet split Danwei: fragmentation and austerity in Chinese socialist housing From the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution: austerity and anarchy‘Soviet’ Asia: Mongolia and North Vietnam Building at ‘Pyongyang speed’: housing in Juche KoreaConclusion: Second World housing in summary14. Latin America – chameleon continent Mass housing and the politics of charismatic leadership, 1945-1964Housing as social security: pre-1964 Brazil1960s Cold-War housing politics in Latin AmericaOrder and Progress? Post-1964 housing in Brazil, Argentina and Chile15. Echoes of empire – postwar housing in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa The Middle East: decolonisation and developmentIsrael: creating a ‘new geography’ through public housingIndia and South Asia: building on colonial bureaucracyCapital colonies: post-independence DelhiBombay/Mumbai and MHADA: pressure-cooker buildingSub-Saharan Africa: colonialism’s last stand‘Progressive’ housing decolonisation in francophone AfricaDivide and rule? Segregation and mass housing in ‘British’ AfricaSouth Africa: segregated housing in a siege society 6. From Third World to First World: mass housing in capitalist Eastern Asia Towards the developmental state – postwar housing in Japan Housing the ’Asian Tigers’‘Housing Gangnam-style’: South Korea’s tanji revolutionHong Kong and Singapore – a study in sibling rivalryShek Kip Mei and Bukit Ho Swee: from resettlement to home-ownershipRace to the Top: HDB and HKHA architectureFirst cousin: Macau PART C: 1989 TO THE PRESENT - Retrenchment and renewal17. Resilience and renewal: mass housing into the 21st century IntroductionThe aftermath: mass housing at bay in the former First and Second WorldsResidual mass housing in the Global South18. Race to the top: the new Asian developmentalism TOKi and AKP TurkeyDevelopmental Eastern Asia into the 21st centuryBuilding for the ‘Mass Line’: social housing in 21st-century China19. Conclusion: global and national, idealism and realpolitikIndex