Henry H. Bauer is professor emeritus of chemistry and science studies and dean emeritus of arts and sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech). The author of numerous books, including several that examine scientific heterodoxies, he lives in Blacksburg, Virginia.

“Bauer delves into issues that are at the core of science…recommended”—Choice; “excellent...highly recommended”—World Institute for Scientific Exploration; “engaging...presents a realistic picture of the current state of scientific activity...well written...a very good book”—Springer Metascience.

• Table of ContentsList of FiguresviiiPrefaceIntroduction and Synopsis1. How Science Has Changeddelete delete Precursors of Modern Sciencedelete delete Three Eras of Modern Sciencedelete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Pastdelete delete Science and Contemporary Society2. Science Is Not Methodicaldelete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today’s Sciencedelete delete Why Has Science Been Successful?3. Some Other Misconceptions About Sciencedelete delete Science and Evidence: A ­Love-Hate Relationshipdelete delete Replication and Reproducibilitydelete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theoriesdelete delete Scientific Literacy4. Science Is Many Thingsdelete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields?delete delete Science as Truth and Authoritydelete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Conceptsdelete delete Scientific Institutionsdelete delete Science Groupies and ­Hangers-ondelete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences—Inappropriately5. Scientists Have Many Facesdelete delete Scientists as Individualsdelete delete The Cultures of Sciencedelete delete Present-Day Careers in Science6. How Science Really Gets Donedelete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Sciencedelete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activitydelete delete Diversity of Sciencedelete delete Peer Reviewdelete delete Resistance to Progressdelete delete Premature Discoveriesdelete delete Scientific Revolutionsdelete delete The Importance of Luck in Sciencedelete delete How Science Gets Done Best7. What Exactly Is “Scientific Knowledge”?delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Storiesdelete delete Over-Reliance on Science8. Statisticsdelete delete Being Misled by Statisticsdelete delete Correlation Is Not Causationdelete delete Interpreting Correlationsdelete delete Aggregation and ­Dis-Aggregationdelete delete Statistical Significance and P Valuesdelete delete Effect Sizedelete delete Margin of Errordelete delete Samplingdelete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statisticsdelete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry?delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciencesdelete delete Medical Sciencedelete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thingdelete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, ­Pseudo-Sciencedelete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Sciencedelete delete Knowledge to Guide Research—or Ready to Be Applied?delete delete Science and Technology10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Knowndelete delete From Science to Public Knowledgedelete delete Who Can Speak for Science?delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Bewaredelete delete What Policy Makers Get to Knowdelete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know11. Science Needs Tough Lovedelete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Rightdelete delete Which of Today’s Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong?delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment delete delete delete on Technical Issues?delete delete The Failure to Engage12. A Science Court?delete delete Caveats and Complicationsdelete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplishdelete delete Tough LoveChapter NotesBibliographyIndex

Henry H. Bauer is professor emeritus of chemistry and science studies and dean emeritus of arts and sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech). The author of numerous books, including several that examine scientific heterodoxies, he lives in Blacksburg, Virginia.

“Bauer delves into issues that are at the core of science…recommended”—Choice; “excellent...highly recommended”—World Institute for Scientific Exploration; “engaging...presents a realistic picture of the current state of scientific activity...well written...a very good book”—Springer Metascience.

• Table of ContentsList of FiguresviiiPrefaceIntroduction and Synopsis1. How Science Has Changeddelete delete Precursors of Modern Sciencedelete delete Three Eras of Modern Sciencedelete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Pastdelete delete Science and Contemporary Society2. Science Is Not Methodicaldelete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today’s Sciencedelete delete Why Has Science Been Successful?3. Some Other Misconceptions About Sciencedelete delete Science and Evidence: A ­Love-Hate Relationshipdelete delete Replication and Reproducibilitydelete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theoriesdelete delete Scientific Literacy4. Science Is Many Thingsdelete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields?delete delete Science as Truth and Authoritydelete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Conceptsdelete delete Scientific Institutionsdelete delete Science Groupies and ­Hangers-ondelete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences—Inappropriately5. Scientists Have Many Facesdelete delete Scientists as Individualsdelete delete The Cultures of Sciencedelete delete Present-Day Careers in Science6. How Science Really Gets Donedelete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Sciencedelete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activitydelete delete Diversity of Sciencedelete delete Peer Reviewdelete delete Resistance to Progressdelete delete Premature Discoveriesdelete delete Scientific Revolutionsdelete delete The Importance of Luck in Sciencedelete delete How Science Gets Done Best7. What Exactly Is “Scientific Knowledge”?delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Storiesdelete delete Over-Reliance on Science8. Statisticsdelete delete Being Misled by Statisticsdelete delete Correlation Is Not Causationdelete delete Interpreting Correlationsdelete delete Aggregation and ­Dis-Aggregationdelete delete Statistical Significance and P Valuesdelete delete Effect Sizedelete delete Margin of Errordelete delete Samplingdelete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statisticsdelete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry?delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciencesdelete delete Medical Sciencedelete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thingdelete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, ­Pseudo-Sciencedelete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Sciencedelete delete Knowledge to Guide Research—or Ready to Be Applied?delete delete Science and Technology10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Knowndelete delete From Science to Public Knowledgedelete delete Who Can Speak for Science?delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Bewaredelete delete What Policy Makers Get to Knowdelete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know11. Science Needs Tough Lovedelete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Rightdelete delete Which of Today’s Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong?delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment delete delete delete on Technical Issues?delete delete The Failure to Engage12. A Science Court?delete delete Caveats and Complicationsdelete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplishdelete delete Tough LoveChapter NotesBibliographyIndex

Henry H. Bauer is professor emeritus of chemistry and science studies and dean emeritus of arts and sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech). The author of numerous books, including several that examine scientific heterodoxies, he lives in Blacksburg, Virginia.

“Bauer delves into issues that are at the core of science…recommended”—Choice; “excellent...highly recommended”—World Institute for Scientific Exploration; “engaging...presents a realistic picture of the current state of scientific activity...well written...a very good book”—Springer Metascience.

• Table of ContentsList of FiguresviiiPrefaceIntroduction and Synopsis1. How Science Has Changeddelete delete Precursors of Modern Sciencedelete delete Three Eras of Modern Sciencedelete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Pastdelete delete Science and Contemporary Society2. Science Is Not Methodicaldelete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today’s Sciencedelete delete Why Has Science Been Successful?3. Some Other Misconceptions About Sciencedelete delete Science and Evidence: A ­Love-Hate Relationshipdelete delete Replication and Reproducibilitydelete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theoriesdelete delete Scientific Literacy4. Science Is Many Thingsdelete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields?delete delete Science as Truth and Authoritydelete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Conceptsdelete delete Scientific Institutionsdelete delete Science Groupies and ­Hangers-ondelete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences—Inappropriately5. Scientists Have Many Facesdelete delete Scientists as Individualsdelete delete The Cultures of Sciencedelete delete Present-Day Careers in Science6. How Science Really Gets Donedelete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Sciencedelete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activitydelete delete Diversity of Sciencedelete delete Peer Reviewdelete delete Resistance to Progressdelete delete Premature Discoveriesdelete delete Scientific Revolutionsdelete delete The Importance of Luck in Sciencedelete delete How Science Gets Done Best7. What Exactly Is “Scientific Knowledge”?delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Storiesdelete delete Over-Reliance on Science8. Statisticsdelete delete Being Misled by Statisticsdelete delete Correlation Is Not Causationdelete delete Interpreting Correlationsdelete delete Aggregation and ­Dis-Aggregationdelete delete Statistical Significance and P Valuesdelete delete Effect Sizedelete delete Margin of Errordelete delete Samplingdelete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statisticsdelete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry?delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciencesdelete delete Medical Sciencedelete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thingdelete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, ­Pseudo-Sciencedelete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Sciencedelete delete Knowledge to Guide Research—or Ready to Be Applied?delete delete Science and Technology10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Knowndelete delete From Science to Public Knowledgedelete delete Who Can Speak for Science?delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Bewaredelete delete What Policy Makers Get to Knowdelete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know11. Science Needs Tough Lovedelete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Rightdelete delete Which of Today’s Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong?delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment delete delete delete on Technical Issues?delete delete The Failure to Engage12. A Science Court?delete delete Caveats and Complicationsdelete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplishdelete delete Tough LoveChapter NotesBibliographyIndex