Amy Verdun is a professor of political science at the University of Victoria.Achim Hurrelmann is a professor of political science at Carleton University.Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly is a professor of public administration at the University of Victoria.

• Acknowledgments   List of Tables, Boxes, Figures, and MapsList of AbbreviationsList of Contributors 1. IntroductionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe Purpose of This BookThe EU as a Peace Project: One Overarching Insight and Three Themes of DebateTheme 1: Economic Cooperation in a Mixed EconomyTheme 2: More Than an International Organization, Less Than a StateTheme 3: From Economic to Democratic Legitimation?Structure of the BookPart One: Integration and Governance2. A Short History of the European UnionConstantin Chira-PascanutEuropean Integration: A Historical OverviewThe First Moves: The European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the European Economic Community (1957), and the European Atomic Energy Community (1957)The 1960s: A Decade of Mixed ResultsThe 1970s: Facing Economic and Financial CrisisThe 1980s and the 1990s: European Integration RelaunchedThe EU at the Beginning of the New CenturyThe EU after 2010 – Coping with CrisisWhy/How Does a Historical Analysis Matter for Understanding the EU Today?3. The Political Institutions of the European UnionFinn Laursen, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe European CouncilThe European CommissionThe Council of the EUThe European ParliamentThe Interplay of Institutions in EU Policy-MakingDebate: Efficiency, Solidarity, and Leadership4. Legal Integration and the Court of Justice of the European UnionMartha O’Brien and Eszter BodnárPrimary Law: The TreatiesSecondary Law: Acts of the EU InstitutionsFundamental Principles of the EU LawThe Court of Justice of the European Union: OverviewThe CJEU as a Constitutional Court for the European UnionEnforcing EU Law in the Member StatesReviewing EU Secondary LegislationProtecting Fundamental Rights Debate: Incremental Legal Integration, Direct Effect and Supremacy5. Policy Making and Governance in the European Union’s Multilevel System Ingeborg TömmelThe Fundamental Constraints on EU Policy-MakingThe Evolution of EU Policy-Making and GovernanceConsolidating EU Multilevel GovernanceDebate: Is EU Governance Effective?6. Theories of European Integration and GovernanceAmy VerdunFederalism, Neofunctionalism, and IntergovernmentalismFederalismNeofunctionalismIntergovernmentalismMultilevel Governance, Governance, Europeanization, and InstitutionalismTheories of Democracy, Legitimacy, and the EU as a Global PlayerDebate: Why Use Theories in European Integration Studies?Part Two: Policies7. Economic and Monetary integration: Single Market and EMUPaul Schure and Amy Verdun From the Common Market to the Single MarketCreating Europe’s Single CurrencyThe First Ten Years of EMUFrom Financial Crisis to Sovereign Debt CrisisCrises Responses: New Institutions for the Single CurrencyBanking Union and Capital Markets UnionDebate: Fiscal Federalism, Vicious Circle, and Current Challenges8. Migration, Citizenship, and SecurityOliver SchmidtkeJustice, Freedom, and Security: From Humble Beginnings to a Key EU Policy FieldMigration and AsylumJustice, Fundamental Rights, and CitizenshipBorders and SecurityDebate: Governing Migration and Borders: The Refugee Crisis and its Impact on the EU9. Foreign, Security, and Defence PoliciesFrédéric Mérand and Antoine RayrouxA Short History of EU Foreign PolicyA Hybrid Foreign Policy SystemDebates in EU Foreign Policy10. Common Agricultural PolicyCrina Viju-MiljusevicCommon Agricultural Policy: History, Instruments, and ReformsHistoryCAP Instruments and Their OutcomesCAP ReformsDebates: Distributing the Budget, Farm Support, and Decentralization11. Regional PolicyEmmanuel Brunet-JaillyThe Origins and Development of the EU’s Regional PolicyFrom Six to Twelve: The European Regional Development Fund (1967–1988) The Institutionalization of Cohesion Policy (1988–1993)From 12 to 15: The Maastricht Treaty (1993–1999)From 15 to 25: Making Enlargement a Success (2000–2006)At 27 members: The World’s Largest Development Program (2007–2013)The Way Forward: Cohesion policy in an EU of 28 Member States (2014–2020) The 2021–2027 Cohesion or Investment Policy?Debate: Does the Cohesion Policy Work and What is the Role of Governance in its Success?12. European External Trade PolicyValerie J. D’ErmanThe Evolution of EU Trade PolicyEC Common Commercial PolicyTrade Policy and the Single MarketThe Lisbon Treaty and Europe 2020From Negotiation to RatificationThe EU and the WorldDebate: Issues with EU Trade Policies13. EnlargementCharles C. PentlandThe First Three EnlargementsThe UK, Ireland, and DenmarkThe Southern Enlargement The EFTA EnlargementThe EU Looks EastwardManaging Enlargement: From Improvisation to GovernanceIntergovernmental Institutions and Actors Supranational Institutions and ActorsDebates: Assessing EnlargementThe 1970s to 1990s The "Big Bang" and After TürkiyeThe Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine14. European Neighbourhood PolicyAssem Dandashly and Gabriela ChiraHistory and Origins of ENPThe Development of ENP since 2004 The Eastern and the Southern Neighbourhood (until 2010)Post-2010 Developments in ENPTypes of Agreements and AssociationsDebate: How Successful has the ENP Been?Part Three: Challenges15. Democracy in the European Union Achim HurrelmannDemocratic Life in the EUEuropean ParliamentNational Democratic ProcessesProcedures for Civil Society ParticipationEU Democracy and the CitizensDebate: Is There a "Democratic Deficit" in EU Politics?16. Unity in Diversity: Combating Inequalities in the European UnionHeather MacRaeThe Evolution of Equality and Non-discrimination MeasuresThe Limitations to the EU’s ApproachCurrent Controversies and DebatesFinancial Crisis and AusterityThe Rule of Law The Global Pandemic: COVID-19The EU’s Responses17. European Green Deal and Energy SecurityMichèle Knodt, Julia Jänisch, and G. Cornelis van KootenHistory of EU Climate and Energy PolicyEU Energy PolicyAn Integrated EU Climate Change PolicyEU Climate PolicyDebate: (Un)Fit for 55? The EU’s Challenging 2030 and 2050 Targets in Times of War18. Geopolitics of the European UnionJoan DebardelebenThe EU: An "Accidental" Geopolitical Actor?Regional Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Eastern and Southern NeighbourhoodConflict and Instability in Eastern EuropeThe Middle East and the Arab SpringGlobal Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Geopolitical Role Outside of EuropeThe EU’s Strategic PartnershipsInternational Terrorism and CybersecurityDebate: Relations with Russia and the Ukraine Crisis19. ConclusionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunTheme 1: Is the EU Still Committed to its Original Ambition of Building a Mixed Economic System That Is Neither State-Controlled nor Left to an Unconstrained Market?Theme 2: Does the EU Remain a Political System That Is Neither an International Organization, nor a Fully-Fledged Federal State?Theme 3: How Can the EU Build Its Legitimacy in the European Population?ChronologyGlossaryAppendix: Research ResourcesIndex

Amy Verdun is a professor of political science at the University of Victoria.Achim Hurrelmann is a professor of political science at Carleton University.Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly is a professor of public administration at the University of Victoria.

• Acknowledgments   List of Tables, Boxes, Figures, and MapsList of AbbreviationsList of Contributors 1. IntroductionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe Purpose of This BookThe EU as a Peace Project: One Overarching Insight and Three Themes of DebateTheme 1: Economic Cooperation in a Mixed EconomyTheme 2: More Than an International Organization, Less Than a StateTheme 3: From Economic to Democratic Legitimation?Structure of the BookPart One: Integration and Governance2. A Short History of the European UnionConstantin Chira-PascanutEuropean Integration: A Historical OverviewThe First Moves: The European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the European Economic Community (1957), and the European Atomic Energy Community (1957)The 1960s: A Decade of Mixed ResultsThe 1970s: Facing Economic and Financial CrisisThe 1980s and the 1990s: European Integration RelaunchedThe EU at the Beginning of the New CenturyThe EU after 2010 – Coping with CrisisWhy/How Does a Historical Analysis Matter for Understanding the EU Today?3. The Political Institutions of the European UnionFinn Laursen, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe European CouncilThe European CommissionThe Council of the EUThe European ParliamentThe Interplay of Institutions in EU Policy-MakingDebate: Efficiency, Solidarity, and Leadership4. Legal Integration and the Court of Justice of the European UnionMartha O’Brien and Eszter BodnárPrimary Law: The TreatiesSecondary Law: Acts of the EU InstitutionsFundamental Principles of the EU LawThe Court of Justice of the European Union: OverviewThe CJEU as a Constitutional Court for the European UnionEnforcing EU Law in the Member StatesReviewing EU Secondary LegislationProtecting Fundamental Rights Debate: Incremental Legal Integration, Direct Effect and Supremacy5. Policy Making and Governance in the European Union’s Multilevel System Ingeborg TömmelThe Fundamental Constraints on EU Policy-MakingThe Evolution of EU Policy-Making and GovernanceConsolidating EU Multilevel GovernanceDebate: Is EU Governance Effective?6. Theories of European Integration and GovernanceAmy VerdunFederalism, Neofunctionalism, and IntergovernmentalismFederalismNeofunctionalismIntergovernmentalismMultilevel Governance, Governance, Europeanization, and InstitutionalismTheories of Democracy, Legitimacy, and the EU as a Global PlayerDebate: Why Use Theories in European Integration Studies?Part Two: Policies7. Economic and Monetary integration: Single Market and EMUPaul Schure and Amy Verdun From the Common Market to the Single MarketCreating Europe’s Single CurrencyThe First Ten Years of EMUFrom Financial Crisis to Sovereign Debt CrisisCrises Responses: New Institutions for the Single CurrencyBanking Union and Capital Markets UnionDebate: Fiscal Federalism, Vicious Circle, and Current Challenges8. Migration, Citizenship, and SecurityOliver SchmidtkeJustice, Freedom, and Security: From Humble Beginnings to a Key EU Policy FieldMigration and AsylumJustice, Fundamental Rights, and CitizenshipBorders and SecurityDebate: Governing Migration and Borders: The Refugee Crisis and its Impact on the EU9. Foreign, Security, and Defence PoliciesFrédéric Mérand and Antoine RayrouxA Short History of EU Foreign PolicyA Hybrid Foreign Policy SystemDebates in EU Foreign Policy10. Common Agricultural PolicyCrina Viju-MiljusevicCommon Agricultural Policy: History, Instruments, and ReformsHistoryCAP Instruments and Their OutcomesCAP ReformsDebates: Distributing the Budget, Farm Support, and Decentralization11. Regional PolicyEmmanuel Brunet-JaillyThe Origins and Development of the EU’s Regional PolicyFrom Six to Twelve: The European Regional Development Fund (1967–1988) The Institutionalization of Cohesion Policy (1988–1993)From 12 to 15: The Maastricht Treaty (1993–1999)From 15 to 25: Making Enlargement a Success (2000–2006)At 27 members: The World’s Largest Development Program (2007–2013)The Way Forward: Cohesion policy in an EU of 28 Member States (2014–2020) The 2021–2027 Cohesion or Investment Policy?Debate: Does the Cohesion Policy Work and What is the Role of Governance in its Success?12. European External Trade PolicyValerie J. D’ErmanThe Evolution of EU Trade PolicyEC Common Commercial PolicyTrade Policy and the Single MarketThe Lisbon Treaty and Europe 2020From Negotiation to RatificationThe EU and the WorldDebate: Issues with EU Trade Policies13. EnlargementCharles C. PentlandThe First Three EnlargementsThe UK, Ireland, and DenmarkThe Southern Enlargement The EFTA EnlargementThe EU Looks EastwardManaging Enlargement: From Improvisation to GovernanceIntergovernmental Institutions and Actors Supranational Institutions and ActorsDebates: Assessing EnlargementThe 1970s to 1990s The "Big Bang" and After TürkiyeThe Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine14. European Neighbourhood PolicyAssem Dandashly and Gabriela ChiraHistory and Origins of ENPThe Development of ENP since 2004 The Eastern and the Southern Neighbourhood (until 2010)Post-2010 Developments in ENPTypes of Agreements and AssociationsDebate: How Successful has the ENP Been?Part Three: Challenges15. Democracy in the European Union Achim HurrelmannDemocratic Life in the EUEuropean ParliamentNational Democratic ProcessesProcedures for Civil Society ParticipationEU Democracy and the CitizensDebate: Is There a "Democratic Deficit" in EU Politics?16. Unity in Diversity: Combating Inequalities in the European UnionHeather MacRaeThe Evolution of Equality and Non-discrimination MeasuresThe Limitations to the EU’s ApproachCurrent Controversies and DebatesFinancial Crisis and AusterityThe Rule of Law The Global Pandemic: COVID-19The EU’s Responses17. European Green Deal and Energy SecurityMichèle Knodt, Julia Jänisch, and G. Cornelis van KootenHistory of EU Climate and Energy PolicyEU Energy PolicyAn Integrated EU Climate Change PolicyEU Climate PolicyDebate: (Un)Fit for 55? The EU’s Challenging 2030 and 2050 Targets in Times of War18. Geopolitics of the European UnionJoan DebardelebenThe EU: An "Accidental" Geopolitical Actor?Regional Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Eastern and Southern NeighbourhoodConflict and Instability in Eastern EuropeThe Middle East and the Arab SpringGlobal Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Geopolitical Role Outside of EuropeThe EU’s Strategic PartnershipsInternational Terrorism and CybersecurityDebate: Relations with Russia and the Ukraine Crisis19. ConclusionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunTheme 1: Is the EU Still Committed to its Original Ambition of Building a Mixed Economic System That Is Neither State-Controlled nor Left to an Unconstrained Market?Theme 2: Does the EU Remain a Political System That Is Neither an International Organization, nor a Fully-Fledged Federal State?Theme 3: How Can the EU Build Its Legitimacy in the European Population?ChronologyGlossaryAppendix: Research ResourcesIndex

Amy Verdun is a professor of political science at the University of Victoria.Achim Hurrelmann is a professor of political science at Carleton University.Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly is a professor of public administration at the University of Victoria.

• Acknowledgments   List of Tables, Boxes, Figures, and MapsList of AbbreviationsList of Contributors 1. IntroductionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe Purpose of This BookThe EU as a Peace Project: One Overarching Insight and Three Themes of DebateTheme 1: Economic Cooperation in a Mixed EconomyTheme 2: More Than an International Organization, Less Than a StateTheme 3: From Economic to Democratic Legitimation?Structure of the BookPart One: Integration and Governance2. A Short History of the European UnionConstantin Chira-PascanutEuropean Integration: A Historical OverviewThe First Moves: The European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the European Economic Community (1957), and the European Atomic Energy Community (1957)The 1960s: A Decade of Mixed ResultsThe 1970s: Facing Economic and Financial CrisisThe 1980s and the 1990s: European Integration RelaunchedThe EU at the Beginning of the New CenturyThe EU after 2010 – Coping with CrisisWhy/How Does a Historical Analysis Matter for Understanding the EU Today?3. The Political Institutions of the European UnionFinn Laursen, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunThe European CouncilThe European CommissionThe Council of the EUThe European ParliamentThe Interplay of Institutions in EU Policy-MakingDebate: Efficiency, Solidarity, and Leadership4. Legal Integration and the Court of Justice of the European UnionMartha O’Brien and Eszter BodnárPrimary Law: The TreatiesSecondary Law: Acts of the EU InstitutionsFundamental Principles of the EU LawThe Court of Justice of the European Union: OverviewThe CJEU as a Constitutional Court for the European UnionEnforcing EU Law in the Member StatesReviewing EU Secondary LegislationProtecting Fundamental Rights Debate: Incremental Legal Integration, Direct Effect and Supremacy5. Policy Making and Governance in the European Union’s Multilevel System Ingeborg TömmelThe Fundamental Constraints on EU Policy-MakingThe Evolution of EU Policy-Making and GovernanceConsolidating EU Multilevel GovernanceDebate: Is EU Governance Effective?6. Theories of European Integration and GovernanceAmy VerdunFederalism, Neofunctionalism, and IntergovernmentalismFederalismNeofunctionalismIntergovernmentalismMultilevel Governance, Governance, Europeanization, and InstitutionalismTheories of Democracy, Legitimacy, and the EU as a Global PlayerDebate: Why Use Theories in European Integration Studies?Part Two: Policies7. Economic and Monetary integration: Single Market and EMUPaul Schure and Amy Verdun From the Common Market to the Single MarketCreating Europe’s Single CurrencyThe First Ten Years of EMUFrom Financial Crisis to Sovereign Debt CrisisCrises Responses: New Institutions for the Single CurrencyBanking Union and Capital Markets UnionDebate: Fiscal Federalism, Vicious Circle, and Current Challenges8. Migration, Citizenship, and SecurityOliver SchmidtkeJustice, Freedom, and Security: From Humble Beginnings to a Key EU Policy FieldMigration and AsylumJustice, Fundamental Rights, and CitizenshipBorders and SecurityDebate: Governing Migration and Borders: The Refugee Crisis and its Impact on the EU9. Foreign, Security, and Defence PoliciesFrédéric Mérand and Antoine RayrouxA Short History of EU Foreign PolicyA Hybrid Foreign Policy SystemDebates in EU Foreign Policy10. Common Agricultural PolicyCrina Viju-MiljusevicCommon Agricultural Policy: History, Instruments, and ReformsHistoryCAP Instruments and Their OutcomesCAP ReformsDebates: Distributing the Budget, Farm Support, and Decentralization11. Regional PolicyEmmanuel Brunet-JaillyThe Origins and Development of the EU’s Regional PolicyFrom Six to Twelve: The European Regional Development Fund (1967–1988) The Institutionalization of Cohesion Policy (1988–1993)From 12 to 15: The Maastricht Treaty (1993–1999)From 15 to 25: Making Enlargement a Success (2000–2006)At 27 members: The World’s Largest Development Program (2007–2013)The Way Forward: Cohesion policy in an EU of 28 Member States (2014–2020) The 2021–2027 Cohesion or Investment Policy?Debate: Does the Cohesion Policy Work and What is the Role of Governance in its Success?12. European External Trade PolicyValerie J. D’ErmanThe Evolution of EU Trade PolicyEC Common Commercial PolicyTrade Policy and the Single MarketThe Lisbon Treaty and Europe 2020From Negotiation to RatificationThe EU and the WorldDebate: Issues with EU Trade Policies13. EnlargementCharles C. PentlandThe First Three EnlargementsThe UK, Ireland, and DenmarkThe Southern Enlargement The EFTA EnlargementThe EU Looks EastwardManaging Enlargement: From Improvisation to GovernanceIntergovernmental Institutions and Actors Supranational Institutions and ActorsDebates: Assessing EnlargementThe 1970s to 1990s The "Big Bang" and After TürkiyeThe Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine14. European Neighbourhood PolicyAssem Dandashly and Gabriela ChiraHistory and Origins of ENPThe Development of ENP since 2004 The Eastern and the Southern Neighbourhood (until 2010)Post-2010 Developments in ENPTypes of Agreements and AssociationsDebate: How Successful has the ENP Been?Part Three: Challenges15. Democracy in the European Union Achim HurrelmannDemocratic Life in the EUEuropean ParliamentNational Democratic ProcessesProcedures for Civil Society ParticipationEU Democracy and the CitizensDebate: Is There a "Democratic Deficit" in EU Politics?16. Unity in Diversity: Combating Inequalities in the European UnionHeather MacRaeThe Evolution of Equality and Non-discrimination MeasuresThe Limitations to the EU’s ApproachCurrent Controversies and DebatesFinancial Crisis and AusterityThe Rule of Law The Global Pandemic: COVID-19The EU’s Responses17. European Green Deal and Energy SecurityMichèle Knodt, Julia Jänisch, and G. Cornelis van KootenHistory of EU Climate and Energy PolicyEU Energy PolicyAn Integrated EU Climate Change PolicyEU Climate PolicyDebate: (Un)Fit for 55? The EU’s Challenging 2030 and 2050 Targets in Times of War18. Geopolitics of the European UnionJoan DebardelebenThe EU: An "Accidental" Geopolitical Actor?Regional Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Eastern and Southern NeighbourhoodConflict and Instability in Eastern EuropeThe Middle East and the Arab SpringGlobal Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Geopolitical Role Outside of EuropeThe EU’s Strategic PartnershipsInternational Terrorism and CybersecurityDebate: Relations with Russia and the Ukraine Crisis19. ConclusionEmmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy VerdunTheme 1: Is the EU Still Committed to its Original Ambition of Building a Mixed Economic System That Is Neither State-Controlled nor Left to an Unconstrained Market?Theme 2: Does the EU Remain a Political System That Is Neither an International Organization, nor a Fully-Fledged Federal State?Theme 3: How Can the EU Build Its Legitimacy in the European Population?ChronologyGlossaryAppendix: Research ResourcesIndex