Andrew Offenburger is an associate professor of history at Miami University. He is the author of Frontiers in the Gilded Age: Adventure, Capitalism, and Dispossession from Southern Africa to the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands, 1880–1917 and editor of The Aimless Life: Music, Mines, and Revolution from the Rocky Mountains to Mexico (Bison, 2021). Patricia Nelson Limerick is a professor of history and director of the Applied History Initiative at the University of Colorado. She is the author of Desert Passages: Encounters with the American Deserts, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, and Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West.

“Brilliantly conceived. Translating Past to Present encourages a level of awareness about the work in which historians engage that will both inspire and deepen our own understanding of the perspectives we bring to our research and writing. It also alerts us-with a hearty dose of good humor and occasional irony-to just what can go wrong with the interpretive process and the complex misunderstandings to which this can give rise. One can hear the echoes of the wonderful conversations that produced this collection of essays as one reads!”-Andrea Geiger, author of Converging Empires: Citizens and Subjects in the North Pacific Borderlands, 1867–1945 “Translating Past to Present provides a fine model that other historians, ethnologists, and anthropologists can turn to as a reference point. From archives across North America to oral histories to family conversations, the works covered are richly researched and thoroughly documented. It will be of great use to specialists in borderlands and Latin American studies, as well as ethnohistorians. No one should be able to look at transcripts the same way after reading this book.”-David C. Beyreis, author of Blood in the Borderlands: Conflict, Kinship, and the Bent Family, 1821–1920

• List of Illustrations Acknowledgments IntroductionAndrew Offenburger and Patricia Limerick A Message and a Dance for Zebulon Pike Part 1. Interpreting for and with Empire 1. From Indigenous Interpreters to Creole Control: Race, Translation, and Exclusion in Yucatan, 1560–1633Mark Lentz Misinterpreting for James Wilkinson 2. Captains of Civility: The Indigenous Interpreters of North America Who Attempted to School Settler Colonists on the Ideals of Civil CommunityNicole Eustace Maungwudaus Maintains Peace 3. William Wells . . . Interpreter?Cameron Shriver Ma-Son-Ne John Simpson Smith Part 2. Along the Borders of Consolidating Power 4. Translating SlaveryAlice Baumgartner Jeffrey Deroine, Freedman and Ioway Interpreter 5. The Interpreter Generation: Boarding School Survivors, Euro-American Scholars, and Chiricahua Apache History in the Twentieth CenturyPaul Conrad Changing Names 6. Diplomacy in the Aftermath of Pancho Villa’s Raid: Consul Antonio LandÍn in Columbus, 1917–1920Brandon Morgan John Collier: No Hands Raised 7. Interpreters of DinÉ dÓÓ GÁamalii Oral HistoriesFarina King Rough Interpretations Part 3. Interpreting in Practice 8. “Do You Solemnly Swear to Interpret Accurately and without Bias?”: Professional Court Interpreting in the Twentieth and Twenty-First CenturyTaylor Cozzens Dueling Interpretations9. Puente, ຂົວ, Bridge: Interpreting for Social Transformation in Storm Lake, IowaAndrew Offenburger Interpreting for and in Vietnam 10. Keeping Faith: Interpreters in the Global War on TerrorZach Guiliano Call Me Phillip Morris Contributors Index

Andrew Offenburger is an associate professor of history at Miami University. He is the author of Frontiers in the Gilded Age: Adventure, Capitalism, and Dispossession from Southern Africa to the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands, 1880–1917 and editor of The Aimless Life: Music, Mines, and Revolution from the Rocky Mountains to Mexico (Bison, 2021). Patricia Nelson Limerick is a professor of history and director of the Applied History Initiative at the University of Colorado. She is the author of Desert Passages: Encounters with the American Deserts, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, and Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West.

“Brilliantly conceived. Translating Past to Present encourages a level of awareness about the work in which historians engage that will both inspire and deepen our own understanding of the perspectives we bring to our research and writing. It also alerts us-with a hearty dose of good humor and occasional irony-to just what can go wrong with the interpretive process and the complex misunderstandings to which this can give rise. One can hear the echoes of the wonderful conversations that produced this collection of essays as one reads!”-Andrea Geiger, author of Converging Empires: Citizens and Subjects in the North Pacific Borderlands, 1867–1945 “Translating Past to Present provides a fine model that other historians, ethnologists, and anthropologists can turn to as a reference point. From archives across North America to oral histories to family conversations, the works covered are richly researched and thoroughly documented. It will be of great use to specialists in borderlands and Latin American studies, as well as ethnohistorians. No one should be able to look at transcripts the same way after reading this book.”-David C. Beyreis, author of Blood in the Borderlands: Conflict, Kinship, and the Bent Family, 1821–1920

• List of Illustrations Acknowledgments IntroductionAndrew Offenburger and Patricia Limerick A Message and a Dance for Zebulon Pike Part 1. Interpreting for and with Empire 1. From Indigenous Interpreters to Creole Control: Race, Translation, and Exclusion in Yucatan, 1560–1633Mark Lentz Misinterpreting for James Wilkinson 2. Captains of Civility: The Indigenous Interpreters of North America Who Attempted to School Settler Colonists on the Ideals of Civil CommunityNicole Eustace Maungwudaus Maintains Peace 3. William Wells . . . Interpreter?Cameron Shriver Ma-Son-Ne John Simpson Smith Part 2. Along the Borders of Consolidating Power 4. Translating SlaveryAlice Baumgartner Jeffrey Deroine, Freedman and Ioway Interpreter 5. The Interpreter Generation: Boarding School Survivors, Euro-American Scholars, and Chiricahua Apache History in the Twentieth CenturyPaul Conrad Changing Names 6. Diplomacy in the Aftermath of Pancho Villa’s Raid: Consul Antonio LandÍn in Columbus, 1917–1920Brandon Morgan John Collier: No Hands Raised 7. Interpreters of DinÉ dÓÓ GÁamalii Oral HistoriesFarina King Rough Interpretations Part 3. Interpreting in Practice 8. “Do You Solemnly Swear to Interpret Accurately and without Bias?”: Professional Court Interpreting in the Twentieth and Twenty-First CenturyTaylor Cozzens Dueling Interpretations9. Puente, ຂົວ, Bridge: Interpreting for Social Transformation in Storm Lake, IowaAndrew Offenburger Interpreting for and in Vietnam 10. Keeping Faith: Interpreters in the Global War on TerrorZach Guiliano Call Me Phillip Morris Contributors Index

Andrew Offenburger is an associate professor of history at Miami University. He is the author of Frontiers in the Gilded Age: Adventure, Capitalism, and Dispossession from Southern Africa to the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands, 1880–1917 and editor of The Aimless Life: Music, Mines, and Revolution from the Rocky Mountains to Mexico (Bison, 2021). Patricia Nelson Limerick is a professor of history and director of the Applied History Initiative at the University of Colorado. She is the author of Desert Passages: Encounters with the American Deserts, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, and Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West.

“Brilliantly conceived. Translating Past to Present encourages a level of awareness about the work in which historians engage that will both inspire and deepen our own understanding of the perspectives we bring to our research and writing. It also alerts us-with a hearty dose of good humor and occasional irony-to just what can go wrong with the interpretive process and the complex misunderstandings to which this can give rise. One can hear the echoes of the wonderful conversations that produced this collection of essays as one reads!”-Andrea Geiger, author of Converging Empires: Citizens and Subjects in the North Pacific Borderlands, 1867–1945 “Translating Past to Present provides a fine model that other historians, ethnologists, and anthropologists can turn to as a reference point. From archives across North America to oral histories to family conversations, the works covered are richly researched and thoroughly documented. It will be of great use to specialists in borderlands and Latin American studies, as well as ethnohistorians. No one should be able to look at transcripts the same way after reading this book.”-David C. Beyreis, author of Blood in the Borderlands: Conflict, Kinship, and the Bent Family, 1821–1920

• List of Illustrations Acknowledgments IntroductionAndrew Offenburger and Patricia Limerick A Message and a Dance for Zebulon Pike Part 1. Interpreting for and with Empire 1. From Indigenous Interpreters to Creole Control: Race, Translation, and Exclusion in Yucatan, 1560–1633Mark Lentz Misinterpreting for James Wilkinson 2. Captains of Civility: The Indigenous Interpreters of North America Who Attempted to School Settler Colonists on the Ideals of Civil CommunityNicole Eustace Maungwudaus Maintains Peace 3. William Wells . . . Interpreter?Cameron Shriver Ma-Son-Ne John Simpson Smith Part 2. Along the Borders of Consolidating Power 4. Translating SlaveryAlice Baumgartner Jeffrey Deroine, Freedman and Ioway Interpreter 5. The Interpreter Generation: Boarding School Survivors, Euro-American Scholars, and Chiricahua Apache History in the Twentieth CenturyPaul Conrad Changing Names 6. Diplomacy in the Aftermath of Pancho Villa’s Raid: Consul Antonio LandÍn in Columbus, 1917–1920Brandon Morgan John Collier: No Hands Raised 7. Interpreters of DinÉ dÓÓ GÁamalii Oral HistoriesFarina King Rough Interpretations Part 3. Interpreting in Practice 8. “Do You Solemnly Swear to Interpret Accurately and without Bias?”: Professional Court Interpreting in the Twentieth and Twenty-First CenturyTaylor Cozzens Dueling Interpretations9. Puente, ຂົວ, Bridge: Interpreting for Social Transformation in Storm Lake, IowaAndrew Offenburger Interpreting for and in Vietnam 10. Keeping Faith: Interpreters in the Global War on TerrorZach Guiliano Call Me Phillip Morris Contributors Index