Ming Du is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Chinese Law and Policy at Durham University.

An informative and extremely well supported investigation into the regulation of governmental, private and hybrid product standards within the GATT/WTO legal framework … will support law students and experts in the field … Getting the doctrine right is the foundation of critical legal reasoning, and this book achieves that commendably.

• 1. Introduction 2. An Overview of Product Standards in International Trade I. The Definition of ‘Standards’ in the TBT Agreement A. Product Characteristics B. PPMs and Labelling Requirements C. Recognised Body D. The Identifiable Requirement E. The Voluntary Requirement II. Product Standards and International Trade: Economic Perspectives A. Market Failures and the Functions of Product Standards B. The Trade Effects of Product Standards III. A Taxonomy of Product Standards IV. The GATT/WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards A. The Negotiating History of Product Standards in the GATT/WTO System B. Mapping the WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards V. Conclusion 3. The Basic WTO Obligations on Product Standards I. National Treatment A. The National Treatment Obligation in GATT 1994 B. General Exceptions in GATT Article XX C. The National Treatment Obligation in the TBT Agreement II. The Most Favoured Nation Treatment A. Article I.1 of the GATT 1994 B. MFN in the TBT Agreement III. Unnecessary Obstacles to International Trade A. The Evolution of the Necessity Test under GATT Article XX B. Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement C. Article 5.6 of the SPS Agreement IV. Transparency A. The Trigger of Transparency Obligation B. The Content of Transparency Obligation C. Transparency of Standard-Setting V. Scientific Evidence A. The Role of Science in the SPS Agreement B. The Role of Science in the TBT Agreement and GATT 1994 VI. Conclusion 4. International Regulatory Cooperation in Product Standards I. The Concept of International Regulatory Cooperation II. The Role of International Standards in the WTO A. The Economics of Harmonisation B. International Standards as Global Public Goods and Global Administrative Law C. Basic WTO Rules on International Standards D. What Constitutes a Relevant International Standard? E. An Analysis of the TBT Committee Decision on Principles for the Development of InternationalStandards III. Mutual Recognition and Equivalence A. The Economics of MRAs and Equivalence B. The WTO Legal Framework of Mutual Recognition and EquivalenceC. Mutual Recognition and the MFN Obligation IV. Regulatory Cooperation in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) A. General Trends of Regulatory Cooperation in FTAs B. Regulatory Coherence in FTAsV. Conclusion 5. The Regulation of Private Standards in the WTO I. The Definitional Challenge of ‘Private Standards’ A. Defining SPS-Related Private Standards in the SPS Committee B. Private Standards and ‘International Standards’ C. Are Private Standards and Public Regulations Two Separate Worlds? II. The Proliferation of Private Standards and their Trade Implications A. Explaining the Rise of Private Standards in International Trade B. The Effects of Private Standards on International Trade III. Private Standards in the United States, European Union and China: A Comparative Analysis A. The Standardisation System in the United States B. The European System of Standardisation C. The Chinese System of StandardisationIV. The Status of Private Standards under WTO Law A. Possible Attribution of Private or Hybrid Standards to Government B. Private Standards in the SPS Agreement C. Private Standards in the TBT Agreement V. The Normative Dimension of Private Standards in the WTO A. Is there a Normative Case for WTO Oversight over Private Standards? B. The Prospect of Private Standards Governance in the WTO Framework VI. Conclusion 6. Case Studies I. ISO, International Standards and the TBT Agreement A. An Introduction of the ISO and ISO Standard-setting Processes B. ISO as an ‘International Standardising Body’ C. ISO and WTO TBT Committee Decision D. Conclusion II. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement A. The Role of Ecolabelling in International Trade B. An Overview of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme C. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement D. Conclusion III. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification and the WTO Law A. An Overview of the FSC B. The FSC Certification in the Eyes of the World Trade Organisation IV. Conclusion 7. Conclusion

Ming Du is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Chinese Law and Policy at Durham University.

An informative and extremely well supported investigation into the regulation of governmental, private and hybrid product standards within the GATT/WTO legal framework … will support law students and experts in the field … Getting the doctrine right is the foundation of critical legal reasoning, and this book achieves that commendably.

• 1. Introduction 2. An Overview of Product Standards in International Trade I. The Definition of ‘Standards’ in the TBT Agreement A. Product Characteristics B. PPMs and Labelling Requirements C. Recognised Body D. The Identifiable Requirement E. The Voluntary Requirement II. Product Standards and International Trade: Economic Perspectives A. Market Failures and the Functions of Product Standards B. The Trade Effects of Product Standards III. A Taxonomy of Product Standards IV. The GATT/WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards A. The Negotiating History of Product Standards in the GATT/WTO System B. Mapping the WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards V. Conclusion 3. The Basic WTO Obligations on Product Standards I. National Treatment A. The National Treatment Obligation in GATT 1994 B. General Exceptions in GATT Article XX C. The National Treatment Obligation in the TBT Agreement II. The Most Favoured Nation Treatment A. Article I.1 of the GATT 1994 B. MFN in the TBT Agreement III. Unnecessary Obstacles to International Trade A. The Evolution of the Necessity Test under GATT Article XX B. Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement C. Article 5.6 of the SPS Agreement IV. Transparency A. The Trigger of Transparency Obligation B. The Content of Transparency Obligation C. Transparency of Standard-Setting V. Scientific Evidence A. The Role of Science in the SPS Agreement B. The Role of Science in the TBT Agreement and GATT 1994 VI. Conclusion 4. International Regulatory Cooperation in Product Standards I. The Concept of International Regulatory Cooperation II. The Role of International Standards in the WTO A. The Economics of Harmonisation B. International Standards as Global Public Goods and Global Administrative Law C. Basic WTO Rules on International Standards D. What Constitutes a Relevant International Standard? E. An Analysis of the TBT Committee Decision on Principles for the Development of InternationalStandards III. Mutual Recognition and Equivalence A. The Economics of MRAs and Equivalence B. The WTO Legal Framework of Mutual Recognition and EquivalenceC. Mutual Recognition and the MFN Obligation IV. Regulatory Cooperation in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) A. General Trends of Regulatory Cooperation in FTAs B. Regulatory Coherence in FTAsV. Conclusion 5. The Regulation of Private Standards in the WTO I. The Definitional Challenge of ‘Private Standards’ A. Defining SPS-Related Private Standards in the SPS Committee B. Private Standards and ‘International Standards’ C. Are Private Standards and Public Regulations Two Separate Worlds? II. The Proliferation of Private Standards and their Trade Implications A. Explaining the Rise of Private Standards in International Trade B. The Effects of Private Standards on International Trade III. Private Standards in the United States, European Union and China: A Comparative Analysis A. The Standardisation System in the United States B. The European System of Standardisation C. The Chinese System of StandardisationIV. The Status of Private Standards under WTO Law A. Possible Attribution of Private or Hybrid Standards to Government B. Private Standards in the SPS Agreement C. Private Standards in the TBT Agreement V. The Normative Dimension of Private Standards in the WTO A. Is there a Normative Case for WTO Oversight over Private Standards? B. The Prospect of Private Standards Governance in the WTO Framework VI. Conclusion 6. Case Studies I. ISO, International Standards and the TBT Agreement A. An Introduction of the ISO and ISO Standard-setting Processes B. ISO as an ‘International Standardising Body’ C. ISO and WTO TBT Committee Decision D. Conclusion II. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement A. The Role of Ecolabelling in International Trade B. An Overview of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme C. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement D. Conclusion III. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification and the WTO Law A. An Overview of the FSC B. The FSC Certification in the Eyes of the World Trade Organisation IV. Conclusion 7. Conclusion

Ming Du is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Chinese Law and Policy at Durham University.

An informative and extremely well supported investigation into the regulation of governmental, private and hybrid product standards within the GATT/WTO legal framework … will support law students and experts in the field … Getting the doctrine right is the foundation of critical legal reasoning, and this book achieves that commendably.

• 1. Introduction 2. An Overview of Product Standards in International Trade I. The Definition of ‘Standards’ in the TBT Agreement A. Product Characteristics B. PPMs and Labelling Requirements C. Recognised Body D. The Identifiable Requirement E. The Voluntary Requirement II. Product Standards and International Trade: Economic Perspectives A. Market Failures and the Functions of Product Standards B. The Trade Effects of Product Standards III. A Taxonomy of Product Standards IV. The GATT/WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards A. The Negotiating History of Product Standards in the GATT/WTO System B. Mapping the WTO Legal Framework of Product Standards V. Conclusion 3. The Basic WTO Obligations on Product Standards I. National Treatment A. The National Treatment Obligation in GATT 1994 B. General Exceptions in GATT Article XX C. The National Treatment Obligation in the TBT Agreement II. The Most Favoured Nation Treatment A. Article I.1 of the GATT 1994 B. MFN in the TBT Agreement III. Unnecessary Obstacles to International Trade A. The Evolution of the Necessity Test under GATT Article XX B. Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement C. Article 5.6 of the SPS Agreement IV. Transparency A. The Trigger of Transparency Obligation B. The Content of Transparency Obligation C. Transparency of Standard-Setting V. Scientific Evidence A. The Role of Science in the SPS Agreement B. The Role of Science in the TBT Agreement and GATT 1994 VI. Conclusion 4. International Regulatory Cooperation in Product Standards I. The Concept of International Regulatory Cooperation II. The Role of International Standards in the WTO A. The Economics of Harmonisation B. International Standards as Global Public Goods and Global Administrative Law C. Basic WTO Rules on International Standards D. What Constitutes a Relevant International Standard? E. An Analysis of the TBT Committee Decision on Principles for the Development of InternationalStandards III. Mutual Recognition and Equivalence A. The Economics of MRAs and Equivalence B. The WTO Legal Framework of Mutual Recognition and EquivalenceC. Mutual Recognition and the MFN Obligation IV. Regulatory Cooperation in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) A. General Trends of Regulatory Cooperation in FTAs B. Regulatory Coherence in FTAsV. Conclusion 5. The Regulation of Private Standards in the WTO I. The Definitional Challenge of ‘Private Standards’ A. Defining SPS-Related Private Standards in the SPS Committee B. Private Standards and ‘International Standards’ C. Are Private Standards and Public Regulations Two Separate Worlds? II. The Proliferation of Private Standards and their Trade Implications A. Explaining the Rise of Private Standards in International Trade B. The Effects of Private Standards on International Trade III. Private Standards in the United States, European Union and China: A Comparative Analysis A. The Standardisation System in the United States B. The European System of Standardisation C. The Chinese System of StandardisationIV. The Status of Private Standards under WTO Law A. Possible Attribution of Private or Hybrid Standards to Government B. Private Standards in the SPS Agreement C. Private Standards in the TBT Agreement V. The Normative Dimension of Private Standards in the WTO A. Is there a Normative Case for WTO Oversight over Private Standards? B. The Prospect of Private Standards Governance in the WTO Framework VI. Conclusion 6. Case Studies I. ISO, International Standards and the TBT Agreement A. An Introduction of the ISO and ISO Standard-setting Processes B. ISO as an ‘International Standardising Body’ C. ISO and WTO TBT Committee Decision D. Conclusion II. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement A. The Role of Ecolabelling in International Trade B. An Overview of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme C. The Consistency of the EU Ecolabelling Scheme with the TBT Agreement D. Conclusion III. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification and the WTO Law A. An Overview of the FSC B. The FSC Certification in the Eyes of the World Trade Organisation IV. Conclusion 7. Conclusion