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    Fundamentals of Infrared Sensing

    AvGlenn D. Boreman

    Häftad, Engelska, 2025

    764 kr

    Beställningsvara. Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar. Fri frakt över 249 kr.

    Beskrivning

    This book is an outgrowth of a short course that the author has presented for SPIE for the past 25 years or so on the fundamentals of infrared sensing. This field spans several technical disciplines, which can leave the beginner with the “where do I start?” question. The selection of the material included here represents those concepts and terminology that a newcomer in the field of infrared systems needs to understand. These include items that were initially confusing to the author, ones that he has found useful in practice, or concepts that are commonly misunderstood. These are explained in the simplest terms that keep the key ideas. The level of mathematics is generally algebra-based. The book contains sample calculations but does not include problem sets. This is a consequence of the book’s origin as a set of short course notes. It is not intended as a stand-alone college textbook but rather as a self-study reference for the beginning systems engineer. The intended audience is a person with a bachelor’s-level training in science or engineering. It is meant to be an introduction, with sufficient detail to enable the reader to make initial back-of-the-envelope calculations and to understand the basic tradeoffs and trends involved.

    Produktinformation

    • Utgivningsdatum:2025-06-25
    • Format:Häftad
    • Språk:Engelska
    • Antal sidor:174
    • Förlag:SPIE Press
    • ISBN:9781510682337

    Utforska kategorier

    • Övrig teknik och tillämpad vetenskap inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

    Innehållsförteckning

    • Preface1 IntroductionReferences2 Geometrical Optics2.1 Introduction2.2 Imaging Concepts2.3 Algebraic Rules for Image Formation2.3.1 Point sources at infinity2.4 Aperture Stop, Marginal Ray, and F-number2.5 Field of View2.6 Detector Footprint2.7 Image Quality2.7.1 Diffraction2.7.2 Aberrations2.7.3 Image-quality summary2.8 Infrared Materials2.9 Modulation Transfer Function2.9.1 Spatial frequency2.9.2 Modulation transfer function definition2.9.3 MTF examplesReferencesBibliographyRadiometry3.1 Introduction3.1.1 Solid angle3.1.1 Radiometric nomenclature and units3.2 Irradiance and Exitance3.3 Intensity3.3.1 Inverse-square law for point sources3.3.2 Irradiance on a tilted receiver3.4 Radiance3.4.1 Radiance example for a tilted receiver3.4.2 Lambertian radiator3.4.3 Nonzero view angles3.4.4 Cosine-to-the-fourth falloff3.4.5 Tilting a Lambertian source3.4.6 Lambertian radiator: relation of exitance and radiance3.5 Flux Transfer in Image-Forming Systems3.5.1 Why is radiance analogous to perceived brightness?3.5.2 Example calculation of image irradiance (extended source)3.5.3 When to use a lens?3.5.4 Cosine-to-the-fourth falloff in imaging systems3.5.5 Irradiance depends on the image-space F-number3.5.6 Aperture stop not at the lens3.5.7 Radiance of an extended source is conserved3.5.8 Dilution of radiance by a finite impulse response3.6 Point-Source ImagingBibliography4 Thermal Sources4.1 Introduction4.2 Blackbody Radiation4.3 Planck's Equation4.3.1 Other forms of Planck's equation4.3.2 Stefan–Boltzmann law4.3.3 Wien's displacement law4.3.4 Half-power points4.3.5 Calculations4.3.6 Planck's equation in terms of other spectral variables4.4 Exitance Contrast4.5 Emissivity4.5.1 Kirchhoff's law4.5.2 Graybody4.5.3 Selective radiator4.5.4 Emissivity of common materials4.5.5 Emissivity as a function of ? and TReferencesBibliography5 Detectors5.1 Comparing Thermal Detectors and Photon Detectors5.2 Responsivity5.2.1 Spectral responsivity5.2.2 Blackbody responsivity5.2.3 Relating R(T) to R(?cut)5.3 Cooling Requirements for Photon Detectors5.4 Time Response and Frequency Response5.5 Thermal Detectors5.5.1 Temporal response5.5.2 Bolometric sensors5.5.3 Pyroelectric sensors5.6 Photon Sensors5.6.1 Photoconductive sensors5.6.2 Photovoltaic mechanism5.6.3 Schottky-barrier detectorsReferenceBibliography6 Temperature Measurement6.1 Measurement Configurations6.2 Radiation Temperature6.3 Brightness Temperature6.4 Color Temperature6.5 Practical Temperature Measurements with an IR CameraBibliography7 Noise in the Detection Process7.1 Basic Noise Nomenclature7.2 Sources of Noise7.3 Internally Generated Sensor Noise7.4 Noise Power Spectral Density7.5 Calculations with White Noise7.6 Shot Noise7.6.1 Development of the shot-noise expression7.6.2 What process generates the current?7.7 SNR in the Signal-Shot-Noise Limit7.8 SNR in the Background-Shot-Noise Limit7.9 Generation–Recombination Noise7.10 Johnson Noise7.10.1 Johnson-noise units7.10.2 Johnson-noise calculation example: two parallel resistors at different temperatures7.10.3 SNR in the Johnson-noise limit7.10.4 Johnson noise root-area and root-bandwidth dependence7.11 1/f Noise7.12 Thermal-Fluctuation NoiseReferencesBibliography8 Detector Sensitivity Figures of Merit8.1 Noise-Equivalent Power (NEP)8.1.1 Numerical-calculation example with NEP8.2 Normalized Detectivity D*8.2.1 Numerical calculations with D*8.2.2 Numerical calculations with D*8.3 Background-Limited D* for Photon Sensors8.4 Johnson-Noise-Limited (JOLI) D* for Photon Sensors8.5 Temperature-Fluctuation-Noise-Limited D* for Thermal Sensors8.6 Comparing the Performance of Thermal and Photon SensorsReferenceBibliography9 Infrared Systems9.1 General Comments9.2 Scan Formats9.2.1 Multiple-detector scan formats9.3 Search System: Range Equation9.3.1 Example of a search system preliminary design9.4 Thermal Imager: NETD Expression9.4.1 Calculation example for NETD9.5 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD)ReferencesBibliographyIndex