SPIE Press – förlag

Speckle, a granular structure appearing in images and diffraction patterns produced by objects that are rough on the scale of an optical wavelength, is a ubiquitous phenomenon, appearing in optics, acoustics, microwaves, and other fields. This book provides comprehensive coverage of this subject, including both the underlying statistical theory and the applications of this phenomenon. This second edition offers improvements of several topics and addition of significant amounts of new material, including discussion of: generalized random walks, speckle in the eye, polarization speckle (and the statistics of the Stokes parameters in a speckle pattern), the effects of angle and wavelength changes on speckle, the statistics of speckle from “smooth” surfaces, and a spectrometer based on speckle. Many new references are also included. As with the first edition, a multitude of areas of application are covered.

Why hand grinding and polishing? In a world of CNC machines, 3D shaping printers and mills, why would anyone need to work by hand? Advanced technologies require inflexible fixturing. Working by hand means your fingers become those fixtures. Intuition is the adaptable program used to reach the specified goal.Hand grinding and polishing is the most basic process for turning raw glass and crystals into a prototype to be copied for production. When producing one or a handful of parts, it’s often less expensive to hand grind and polish than to create the fixtures and tooling for production. That doesn’t mean it’s always easy, but 10th wave flatness and 10 second parallelism are quite achievable by hand.

Providing an introduction to imaging spectrometers, this text first reviews the required background information in optics, radiometry, imaging, spectral sensing and focal plane arrays, then goes on to discuss the principles of these subjects and apply them to specific problems.

Radiometry is an essential part of the optical design of virtually every optical instrument, and key to many applications. It is also used to measure the radiation of various objects. This tutorial examines both the techniques of calculating radiative transfer and the measurement of fluxes and radiometric properties of various sorts.

Integral transform methods provide effective ways to solve a variety of problems arising in the engineering, optical and physical sciences. This concise, easy-to-follow reference text introduces the use of integral transforms, with a detailed discussion of the widely applicable Laplace and Fourier transforms. It is suitable as a self-study for practising engineers and applied mathematics, as well as a textbook for students in graduate-level courses in optics, engineering sciences, physics and mathematics. In most sections, applications relevant to engineers and applied scientists are used in place of formal proofs. Numerous examples, exercise sets, illustrations and tables enhance the book's usefulness as a teaching tool and reference.

This book examines the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system - concerning the eye's ability to distinguish objects from each other or from the background - and its effects on the imageforming process. The text provides equations for determining various aspects of contrast sensitivity, in addition to models that easily can be used for practical applications.

The charge-coupled device (CCD) has recently celebrated its 30th birthday. The remarkable invention of Boyle and Smith of Bell Labs has dramatically changed the course of imaging in disciplines ranging from astronomy to biotechnology. James R. Janesick, an early proponent of the Scientific CCD, presents a careful and comprehensive history, tutorial and state-of-the-art description of the CCD. The book provides valuable reference information to scientists, engineers and hardware managers involved with imaging CCDs and high-performance camera systems, as well as those who need a comprehensive introduction to the subject. ""Charge-Coupled Devices"" is both a history of this development and a comprehensive reference manual on CCD and camera design, fabrication, operation, characterization and optimization. The key processes of CCD operation - charge collection, charge transfer and charge measurement - are described physically and illustrated by experimental data. Standards for characterizing and optimizing CCDs are presented in detail and the ultimate physical limitations on performance parameters discussed. Worked examples throughout provide valuable tutorials, and give the reader an appreciation for the level of performance that is being achieved by today's CCDs.

An introduction to the subject of contamination control, with specific applications to the aerospace industry. The text examines methods to quantify the cleanliness level required by various contamination-sensitive surfaces and to predict the end-of-life contamination level for those surfaces.

The author has expanded the information found in his practical 1995 tutorial. Achromats are covered in more detail, with an updated discussion of beam expanders. Ball lens, gradient optics, and three mirror configurations have been added to the chapter on Special Optical Surfaces and Components. A new section discusses wave aberrations, with a comparison of the spherical aberration to the Seidel coefficient. A new chapter on thermal effects examines the design of athermats-lenses that compensate for undesired results caused by temperature excursions. Also new is an application and summary chapter, Design Examples. As diamond turning is especially suitable for producing aspheres and diffractive infrared elements, a chapter has been added describing this method of manufacture.

The ever-increasing requirements of product quality and reliability demand more efficient measuring and testing methods that must be online, non-destructive, whole field, and without contact. Developed in the 1990s, shearography - also called speckle pattern shearing interferometry (SPSI) - is a coherent-optical measuring and testing method, similar to holographic interferometry. Unlike holography, however, shearography measures the gradient of the deformation rather than the deformation itself. Consequently, shearography can measure the strain information directly, increasing its importance as an industrial measuring tool. This work describes the development of second-generation digital shearography, which is effective in non-destructive testing (NDT), strain measurement, and vibration analysis due to its relative insensitivity to environmental disturbances.

This work explains antenna theory and operation and is intended for students, engineers, and researchers. The material is presented in a modular format, covering the history and important advancements in antenna design and application, use of antennas in various systems such as communication, remote sensing, radar, and biomedicine; and the fundamentals of evaluation, including radiation pattern, directivity, gain, bandwidth, and polarization. Basic wire antennas and array antennas are described in detail and other types are introduced, including reflectors, lenses, horns, microstrip, Yagi, and frequency-independent antennas. Integration of antenna and detector systems and resulting technical challenges are also covered.

The development of new technologies in the fields of photonics, digital systems and computers has resulted in many exciting innovations in high speed photography (HSP) and its commercial, industrial and military applications. This book forms a definitive work on the subject and was written to fill a hitherto uncovered gap in the available literature on this topic. Compiled by a leading team of international experts and written with the cooperation of the Association for High Speed Photography (AHSP) under the Editorship of Sidney F. Ray, this is the most authoritative work on the subject to date.The book forms an introduction to high speed photography, principally for those who wish to investigate its almost limitless potential as a tool for instrumentation, measurement and analysis in both research and development work. It will also interest those who are mainly concerned with standard photographic and digital imaging procedures but need to know more about high speed recording. As a university textbook it is ideally suited to those undertaking postgraduate research, as well as to undergraduates on courses that include film production, biomedical imaging, scientific photography and applied imaging.The material in the book follows progressively from an introduction to and development of HSP, to details of illumination and image capture systems, data extraction and necessary image processing in experimental procedures. Both major and specialist applications of HSP are detailed, including ballistics, the natural world, detonics, the properties of materials and aircraft engineering, combustion processes, motor vehicle safety and holography. A large number of diagrams and photographs illustrate and supplement the text while tables of data provide easy access to numerical information.Will appeal to newcomers as well as professionals in the topicEndorsed by the Association for High Speed PhotographyMajor topics covered in one independent source

Many applications today require the Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer to perform close to its limitations, one of the objectives of this book is to help the user identify the instrument's bottleneck.

This Field Guide derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. The development is both rigorous and complete, and it features a consistent notation and sign convention. This volume covers Gaussian imagery, paraxial optics, first-order optical system design, system examples, illumination, chromatic effects, and an introduction to aberrations. The appendices provide supplemental material on radiometry and photometry, the human eye, and several other topics.

Here for the first time is an integrated mathematical view of the physics and numerical modeling of optical projection lithography that efficiently covers the full spectrum of the important concepts. Alfred Wong offers rigorous underpinning, clarity in systematic formulation, physical insight into emerging ideas, as well as a system level view of the parameter tolerances required in manufacturing. Readers with a good working knowledge of calculus can follow the step-by-step development, and technologists can gather general concepts and the key equations that result. Even the casual reader will gain a perspective on the key concepts, which will likely help facilitate dialog among technologists.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) has proven to be a viable enabling technique for the simultaneous transmission and reception of data over a shared channel. Although associated mostly with wireless cellular communication, CDMA is also being considered for optical channels. This text, aimed at the reader with a basic background in electrical or optical engineering, covers CDMA fundamentals: from the basics of the communication process and digital data transmission, to the concepts of code division multiplexing, direct sequence spreading, diversity techniques, the near-far effect, and the IS-95 CDMA standard form.

This book provides a comprehensive account of the theory of image formation in a confocal fluorescence microscope as well as a practical guideline to the operation of the instrument, its limitations, and the interpretation of confocal microscopy data. The appendices provide a quick reference to optical theory, microscopy-related formulas and definitions, and Fourier theory.

Photon Transfer is designed for a wide audience - from the novice to the advanced user already familiar with the method. For first-time users, the book's primary purpose is to give sufficient guidelines to accurately generate, calibrate, and understand imaging data products through the photon transfer method.The book contains more than 230 figures that present experimental CCD and CMOS data products and modeling simulations connected to photon transfer. Contents also provide hundreds of relations that support photon transfer theory, simulations, and data.

The choice of available infrared (IR) detectors for insertion into modern IR systems is both large and confusing. The purpose of this volume is to provide a technical database from which rational IR detector selection criteria evolve, and thus clarify the options open to the modern IR system designer. Emphasis concentrates mainly on high-performance IR systems operating in a tactical environment, although there also is discussion of both strategic environments and low- to medium-performance system requirements.

The content in this Field Guide starts with traditional illumination in imaging systems, followed by the recent advances in computer-aided design of high efficiency nonimaging illumination optics, along with the modern source models that support these techniques. In this title, sections on the illumination of visual displays are included as well as some important topics on architectural illumination.

This book is intended to familiarize the reader with the method of Gaussian matrices and some related tools of optical design. The matrix method provides a means to study an optical system in the paraxial approximation. This text contains new results such as theorems on the design of variable optics, on integrating rods, on the optical layout of prism devices, etc. The results are derived in a step-by-step way so that the reader might apply the methods presented here to resolve design problems with ease.

This tutorial text provides an introduction to the subject of radiation thermometry, focusing on sources of measurement error and giving advice on methods for minimizing or eliminating these errors. Topics covered herein include: blackbody radiation, emissivity, reflection errors, and atmospheric absorption and emission; commonly used radiation thermometer types; uncertainty calculation; and procedures for in-house calibration of radiation thermometers. Included is a chapter containing detailed measurement examples for a variety of furnace types and operating conditions found in the methanol, ammonia, and refining industries.