RALPH SANDERS is J. Carlton Ward, Jr. Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the National Defense University/Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He taught part-time at American University and at Johns Hopkins University, and served at the White House and on the staff of the secretary of defense. He is the recipient of the Army's highest civilian award. He has published extensively, including the books Arms Industries: New Supplies and Regional Security (1990) and International Dynamics of Technology (Greenwood Press, 1983).

• Preface Problem Identification Introduction Doing the Job The Information Base Information Tendencies Different Prisms Critical Factors Hidden Information Skills Alternate Outcomes Problem Substitution Degrees of Effectiveness Perceived Outcomes References

RALPH SANDERS is J. Carlton Ward, Jr. Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the National Defense University/Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He taught part-time at American University and at Johns Hopkins University, and served at the White House and on the staff of the secretary of defense. He is the recipient of the Army's highest civilian award. He has published extensively, including the books Arms Industries: New Supplies and Regional Security (1990) and International Dynamics of Technology (Greenwood Press, 1983).

• Preface Problem Identification Introduction Doing the Job The Information Base Information Tendencies Different Prisms Critical Factors Hidden Information Skills Alternate Outcomes Problem Substitution Degrees of Effectiveness Perceived Outcomes References

RALPH SANDERS is J. Carlton Ward, Jr. Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the National Defense University/Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He taught part-time at American University and at Johns Hopkins University, and served at the White House and on the staff of the secretary of defense. He is the recipient of the Army's highest civilian award. He has published extensively, including the books Arms Industries: New Supplies and Regional Security (1990) and International Dynamics of Technology (Greenwood Press, 1983).

• Preface Problem Identification Introduction Doing the Job The Information Base Information Tendencies Different Prisms Critical Factors Hidden Information Skills Alternate Outcomes Problem Substitution Degrees of Effectiveness Perceived Outcomes References