Michael C. McKenna, PhD, was Thomas G. Jewell Professor of Reading in the School of Education and Human Development at the University of Virginia until his death in 2016. He authored, coauthored, or edited more than 20 books and over 100 articles, chapters, and technical reports on a range of literacy topics. Dr. McKenna also served as Series Editor, with Sharon Walpole, of The Essential Library of PreK-2 Literacy. His research was sponsored by the National Reading Research Center and the Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. He was a corecipient of the Edward B. Fry Book Award from the Literacy Research Association and the Award for Outstanding Academic Books from the American Library Association, and a member of the Reading Hall of Fame.

• IntroductionUnderstanding Struggling ReadersA Stage PerspectiveThree Struggling ReadersAssessment and InstructionDesign of This VolumeSection 1. Decoding StrategiesGuiding Principles of Teaching DecodingPhonics in the Upper GradesTape-Recorded TextElectronic BooksSection 2. Fluency StrategiesGuiding Principles of Teaching FluencyEffective Fluency MethodsClasswide Peer TutoringSelf-Selected ReadingSection 3. Vocabulary StrategiesGuiding Principles of Teaching VocabularyFeature AnalysisGraphic Organizers Semantic MapsVocabulary VennsSemantic ScalesList\n-Group\n-LabelConcept SortsVocabulary ClustersSilly QuestionsPossible SentencesSection 4. Comprehension Lesson FormatsGuiding Principles of Teaching Reading ComprehensionDirected Reading ActivityDirected Reading\n-Thinking ActivityK-W-LListen\n-Read\n-DiscussSection 5. Questioning StrategiesLevels of QuestionsQuestion\n-Answer RelationshipsBetween the Lines (Inferential Reproducibles)Question ClustersReciprocal QuestioningQuestioning the AuthorSection 6. Other Comprehension StrategiesSpecific Skill ApproachesWalk-ThroughsThink-AloudsImagingTeaching with AnalogiesCharting New TerritoryGuiding NotesReading GuidesAnticipation GuidesReciprocal TeachingGuided Reading in Textual SettingsSummary WritingCloze VennsRiddlesPuzzlers20 More Ideas for Inferential ComprehensionSection 7. Suggested Professional ResourcesIndex